<6>
Authors Tobey HS.
Institution Kessler Institute, USA.
Title
What dentists need to know about CADM: complementary and alternative dentistry and medicine.
Source Journal of the New Jersey Dental Association. 67(4):21-4, 1996 Autumn,
Abstract
This article is written for dentists and paraprofessionals working with dentists, to provide a better understanding of the current and increasing acceptable modality of Complementary and Alternative Dentistry and Medicine. What dentists need to know about hypnosis, or mind-body imagery,
a method and technique used in alternative dentistry, is explained in detail. Conscious behavior, also termed rational or normal consciousness, and subconscious behavior, also referred to as the altered state of consciousness, will be detailed. Once recognizing the role of this subconscious state, the main focus of this article is to describe what this state is, the characteristics that belong to this scientific practical phenomenon, and the key to how to induce this state, simply,
readily and easily in eighty percent of dental patients.

<7>
Authors Aydin S. Odabas 0. Ercan M. Kara H. Agargun MY.
Institution Department of Urology, Medical School of Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
Title
Efficacy of testosterone, trazodone and hypnotic suggestion in the treatment of non-organic male sexual dysfunction.
Source British Journal of Urology. 77(2):256-60,1996 Feb.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of hypnotic suggestions or the administration of testosterone or trazodone to impotent men with no detectable organic cause for the impotence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 79 men in whom clinical and laboratory examinations
revealed no organic cause for their impotence: 20 men (mean age 38.7 +/- 11.47 years) received
testosterons, 21 man (mean age 39.5 +/- 10.73 years) received trazodone, 20 men (mean age 34.2 +/- 11.69 years) underwent hypnosis and 18 men (mean age 39.1 +/- 11.46 years) served as controls. They were assessed by interview 4, 6 and 8 weeks after starting treatment:
the patient's reports were verified by interviewing their partners. RESULTS. Men who received a placebo had a 39% improvement in sexual function, while the rates of improvement in the treated groups were higher, but not significantly so. The success rates of testosterone and
trazodone treatment and hypnotic suggestions were 60%, 67% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the improvement was not statistically significant, treatment with testosterone and trazodone could be used as an adjuvant therapy in nonorganic male sexual dysfunction. The only treatment superior to placebo seemed to be hypnosis. A more effective treatment may be obtained by combining these therapeutic
modalities, but this needs further study.

<8>
Authors Houghton LA, Heyman DJ. Whorwell PJ.
Institution Department of Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester, UK.
Title
Symptomatology, quality of life and economic features of irritable bowel syndrome-the effect of
hypnotherapy.
Source Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 10(i):91-5,1996 Feb.
Abstract
AIMS: The purposes of this study were to quantify the effects of severe irritable bowel sy ndrome on quality of life and economic functioning, and to assess the impact of hypnotherapy on these features. METHODS: A validated quality of life questionnaire including questions on symptoms, employment and health seeking behaviour was administered to 25 patients treated with hypnotherapy (aged 25-55 years; four male) and to 25 control irritable bowel syndrome patients of comparable severity (aged 21-58 years; two male). Visual
analogue scales were used and sr-ores derived to assess the patients' symptoms and satisfaction with each aspect of life. RESULTS: Patients treated with hypnotherapy reported less severe abdominal pain (P < O.Offli), bloating (P < 0.02), bowel habit (P < 0.0001), nausea (P < 0.05), flatulence (P < 0.05), urinary symptoms (P < 0.01), lethargy (P < 0.01), backache (P = 0.05) and dyspareunia (P = 0.05) compared with control patients. Quality of life, such as psychic well being (P < 0.0001), mood (P < 0.001), locus of control (P
< 0.05), physical well being (P < 0.001) and work attitude (P < 0.001) were also favourably influenced by hypnotherepy. For those patients in employment, more of the controls were likely to take time off work (79% vs. 32%; p = 0.02) and visit their general practitioner ( 58% vs. 21 %; P = 0.056) than those treated with hypnotherapy. Three of four hypnotherapy patients out of work prior to treatment resumed employment compared with none of the six in the control group. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that in addition to relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, hypnotherapy profoundly improves the patients' quality of life and reduces absenteeism from work. It therefore appears that, despite being relatively expensive to provide, it could well be a good long-term investment.

<9>
Authors Mason JD. Rogerson DR. Butler JD.
Institution Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, Derby, UK.
Title
Client centred hypnotherapy in the management of tinnitus--is it better than Counselling?.
Source Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 110(2):117-20,1996 Feb.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether client centred hypnotherapy (CCH) which required three sessions with a trained therapist was superior to a single counselling session in reducing the impact of tinnitus. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either counselling (n = 42) or
CCH (n = 44). The outcome measures were: tinnitus loudness match, subjective tinnitus symptom severity score, trend of linear analogue scale, request for further therapy and whether the patient had an impression of improvement in their tinnitus after treatment. CCH was no better than counselling in reducing the impact of tinnitus using the three quantative measures of tinnitus, and requests for further follow up. The only significant difference between the two therapies was that 20 (45.5
per cent) of the CCH group reported a general sense of improvement compared to six (I 4.3 per cent) in the counselling group, this is significant p < 0.01. The study did not demonstrate whether this was a genuine hypnotic effect or simply a response to the additional attention from the therapist.

<10>
Authors ter Kuile MM. Spinhoven P. Linssen AC. van Houwalingen HC.
Institution Department of Psychiatry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
Title
Cognitive coping and appraisal processes in the treatment of chronic headaches.
Source Pain. 64(2):257-64, 1996 Feb.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the active Cognitive ingredients of change in psychological treatments for long-term chronic headache complaints. The primary questions this study addressed were: (1) Is a cognitive self-hypnosis training which explicitly attempts to change
appraisal and cognitive coping processes more effective in producing these changes than a relaxation
procedure, and (2) are changes in pain appraisal and cognitive coping related to changes in pain and adjustment in the short and long term? A total of 144 patients were assigned at random to a cognitive self-hypnosis (CSH) treatment or autogenic training (AT) with aduration of 7 weeks. Measures used were: Headache Index (HI), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Coping Strategy Questionnaire (CSO), Multidimensional Locus of Pain Control Questionnaire (MLPC) and treatment expectations. The results indicated that patients successfully changed their use of coping strategies and pain appraisals. Cognitive therapy was more effective than relaxation training in changing the use of cognitive coping strategies which were the direct targets of treatment. However, treatment effects were only related with changes in the use of coping strategies and appraisal processes to a limited extent and the mediational role of cognitive processes in pain reduction and better adjustment was inconclusive.

11>
Authors Trussell JE. Kurtz RM. Strube MJ.
Institution Washington University, Department of Psychology, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Title
Durability of posthypnotic suggestions: type of suggestion and difficulty level.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 39(l):37-47, 1996 Jul.
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of Difficulty Level and Type of Suggestion upon the durability of posthypnotic suggestion over an 8-week period. Seventy-eight highly susceptible subjects selected by both the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A (HGSHS:A) and Stanford Hypnotic Scale of Susceptibility: Form C (SHSS:C) were assigned to six groups (two levels of Difficulty x three Types of Suggestion). S's were tested for posthypnotic suggestion at 1, 3, 6, and 8 weeks. A 2 x 3 x 4 (Difficulty x Suggestion x Time) factorial ANOVA was conducted, with Time treated as a repeated-measure. The outcome variable at each time was either pass or fail for relevant suggestion. We found a significant Time effect, a significant Difficulty effect, and a significant Time x Difficulty interaction. Fewer subjects passed the difficult suggestions than passed the easy suggestions; fewer passed suggestions at a latter time; and the decay in pass rate was more pronounced for the easy suggestion condition, due largely to the higher initial pass rate. Type of Suggestion was not significant, nor were any of the other interactions. Clinical implications were discussed.

<12>
Authors Shalev AY. Bonne 0. Eth S.
Institution Center for Traumatic Stress, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem Israel.
Title
Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a review [see comments].
Source Psychosomatic Medicine. 58(2):165-82, 1996 Mar-Apr.
Abstract
This article analyzes the literature on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It briefly exposes the theoretical basis for each treatment modality and extensively examines pharmacological, behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic therapies, as well as group and family therapies, hypnosis, inpatient treatment, and rehabilitation. Articles were identified by scanning Medline and PsychLit for all papers in English reporting treatment of PTSD. Anecdotal case reports were, then, excluded. Eighty one articles were identified and categorized as either biological or psychological, with the lafter category further divided into behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, and other treatment modalities. Information regarding the type of trauma, the sample studied, the treatment method, and the results of the treatment has been extracted from each article and is presented briefly. A synthesis of findings in each area is provided. Most studies explored a single treatment modality (e.g., pharmacological, behavioral). The cumulated evidence from these studies
suggests that several treatment protocols reduce PTSD symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life. The magnitude of the results, however, is often limited, and remission is rarely achieved. Given the shortcoming of unidimensional treatment of PTSD, it is suggested that combining biological, psychological, and psychosocial treatment may yield better results. It is further argued that rehabilitative goals should replace curative techniques in those patients with chronic PTSD. A framework for identifying targets for each treatment modality is presented

<13>
Authors Laidlaw TM. B.ooth RJ. Largc- RG.
Institution Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, New Zealand.
Title
Reduction in skin reactions to histamine after a hypnotic procedure.
Source Psychosomatic Medicine. 58(3):242-8, 1996 May-Jun.
Abstract
This study sought to test whether a cognitive-hypnotic intervention could be used to decrease skin reactivity to histamine and whether hypnotizability, physiological variables, attitudes, and mood would
influence the size of the skin weals. Thirty eight subjects undertook three individual laboratory sessions; a pretest session to determine sensitivity to histamine, a control session, and an intervention session during which the subject experienced a cognitive-hypnotic procedure involving imagination and visualization. Compared with the control session, most subjects (32 of 38) decreased the size of their weals measured during the intervention session, and the differences between the weal sizes produced in the two sessions were highly significant (N = 38; t = 4.90; p <.0001). Mood and physiological variables but not hypnotizability scores proved to be effective in explaining the skin test variance and in predicting weal size change. Feelings of irritability and tension and higher blood pressure readings were associated with less change in weal size (i.e.,
a continuation of reactivity similar to that found in the control session without the cognitive-hypnotic intervention), and peacefulness and a lower blood pressure were associated with less skin
reactivity during the intervention. This study has shown highly significant results in reducing skin sensitivity to histamine using a cognitive-hypnotic technique, which indicates some promise for extending this work into the clinical area.

<14>
Authors Whitehouse WG. Dinges DF. Orne EC. Keller SE. Bates BL. Bauer NK
Morahan P. Haupt BA. Carlin MM. Bloom PB. Zaugg L. Orne MT.
Institution Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, USA.
Title
Psychosocial and immune effects of self-hypnosis training for stress
management throughout the first semester of medical school.
Source Psychosomatic Medicine. 58(3):24M3, 1996 May-Jun.
Abstract
This study was a 19-week prospective conducted to determine the effectiveness of a self-hypnosis/relaxation intervention to relieve symptoms of psychological distress and moderate immune system reactivity to examination stress in 35 first-year medical students. Twenty-one subjects were randomly selected for training in the use of self-hypnosis as a coping skill and were encouraged to practice regularly and to maintain daily diary records related to mood, sleep, physical symptoms, and frequency of relaxation practice. An additional 14 subjects received no explicit training in stress-reduction strategies, but completed similar daily diaries. Self-report psychosocial and symptom measures, as well as blood draws, were obtained at four time points: orientation, late semester, examination period, and postsemester recovery. It was found that
significant increases in stress and fatigue occurred during the examination period, paralleled by increases in counts of B lymphocytes and activated T lymphocytes, PHA-induced and PWM-induced blastogenesis, and natural killer call (NK) cytotoxicity. No immune decreases were observed. Subjects in the self-hypnosis condition reported significantly less distress and anxiety than their nonintervention counterparts, but the two groups did not differ with respect to immune function. Nevertheless, within the self-hypnosis group, the quality of the exercises (is, relaxation ratings) predicted both the number of NK cells and NK activity. It was concluded that stress associated with academic demands affects immune function, but immune suppression is not inevitable. Practice of self-hypnosis reduces distress, without differential immune effects. However, individual responses to the self-hypnosis intervention appear to predict immune outcomes.

<15>
Authors Lewith GT. Watkins AD.
Institution University of Southampton, UK.
Title
Unconventional therapies in asthma: an overview. [Review) [105 refs) Source Allergy. 51(il):761-9,1996 Nov.
Abstract
Acupuncture, homoeopathy, mind-body therapies, and nutritional, herbal, and environmental medicine have all been used in the management of patients with asthma. This paper reviews the evidence bass for the use of these unconventional or complementary therapies. Although there is a paucity of large randomized, controlled trials in this area, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that many of these therapies can produce objective and subjective benefit in selected groups of patients. In view of the increasing popularity of complementary medicine among patients and general practitioners, there is now an urgent need for high-quality research to determine how, or whether, these therapies may be interwoven with the more orthodox treatments currently available.

<16>
Authors Buchser E.
Title
[Hypnosis and self-hypnosis administered and taught by nurses for relief of chronic pain: a controlled clinical
trial]. [German]
Original Title Hypnose und Selbsthypnose von Pflegenden angewandt und instruiert zweeks
Linderung c onischer Schmerzen: eine kontrollierte klinische Studie.
Source Forschends Komplementarmedizin. 6 Suppi 1:41-3, 1999 Feb.
Abstract
In this controlled clinical trial hypnosis and self-hypnosis were evaluated when used as an adjuvant treatment to instrumental and pharmacological management of chronic pain. The study took place in a
hospital specialized in the treatment of outpatients suffering from chronic pain. Hypnosis and self-hypnosis were administered and taught by nurses who had been trained just recently for this very purpose. Under the
conditions of the study it was not possible to measure an effect of hypnosis on pain despite some subjective feeling of usefulness. However, it should be taken into account that this form of adjuvant therapy was
used for the first time in that hospital for the purpose of the study and, therefore, took place in an artificial setting. It could well be that the same therapy administered in the proper therapeutic environment of a
specialized institution could show beneficial effects on pain.

<17>
Authors Kohen DP.
Institution Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA,
Title
Hypnotherapeutic management of pediatric and adolescent trichotillomania.
Source Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 17(5):328-34, 1996 Oct.
Abstract
Trichotillomania in children is regularly described as analogous to a habit disorder. As such, it is thought at times to be benign in a manner analogous to habits such as thumb sucking and nail biting. It is also considered by some to be an obsessive-compulsive disorder, to be more recalcitrant to intervention, and to be more socially disabling than simple habits, particularly when persistence and intensity eventuate in obvious alopecia. This report presents five cases of trichotillomania in which self-monitoring, dissociative hypnotic techniques, and self-hypnosis (relaxation/mental imagery) practice were used in teaching children successful management of this vexing problem. Specific emphasis is placed on the nature and importance of modifying the described techniques for the personal and specific developmental needs of individual patients.

<18>
Authors Sommers-Flanagan J. Sommers-Flanagan R.
Institution University of Montana, School of Education, Missoula 59812-1053, USA.
Title
The Wizard of Oz metaphor in hypnosis with treatment-resistant children.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 39(2):105-14, 1996 Oct.
Abstract
This article describes a general approach entitled Wizard of Oz hypnotherapy for use with 8- to 13-year-old children who are generally difficult to treat because of their intermittent inattentive, impulsive, and oppositional characteristics. We have utilized this approach as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral therapy individually and within a small group format. The Wizard of Oz metaphor is integrated into a hypnotherapy approach designed to facilitate personal problem-solving, improve self-regulation skills, and enhance self-esteem/efficacy. As an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral therapy, this procedure improves the therapeutic alliance, heightens young
clients' interest in therapy procedures, and improves overall cooperation with treatment. The therapeutic and hypnotic characteristics that may contribute to this technique's effectiveness are discussed.

<19>
Authors Lambert SA.
Institution University Hospitals of Cleveland, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
Title
The effects of hypnosis/guided imagery on the postoperative course of children.
Source Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 17(5):307-10, 1996 Oct.
Abstract
Hypnosis, guided imagery, and relaxation have been shown to improve the postoperative course of adult surgical patients. Children have successfully used hypnosis/guided imagery to significantly reduce the pain associated with invasive procedures and to improve selected medical conditions. The purpose of this study
was to examine the effect of hypnosis/guided imagery on the postoperative course of pediatric surgical
patients. Fifty-two children (matched for sex, age, and diagnosis) were randomly assigned to an experimental- or control group. The experimental group was taught guided imagery by the investigator. Practice of the
imagery technique included suggestions for a favorable postoperative course. Significantly lower postoperative pain ratings and shorter hospital stays occurred for children in the experimental group. State anxiety was decreased for the guided imagery group and increased postoperatively for the control group. This study demonstrates the positive effects of hypnosis/guided imagery for the pediatric surgical patient.


<20>
Authors Moore LE. Wiesner SL.
Institution Kaiser Permanents, Oakland, California, USA.
Title
Hypnotically-induced vasodilation in the treatment of repetitive strain injuries.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 39(2):97-104, 1996 Oct.
Abstract
The study examined the effectiveness of behaviorally-induced vasodilation (hypnosis with biofeedback and autogenies) in the treatment of upper extremity repetitive strain injuries (RSI). Thirty patients with recent onset of upper extremity RSI symptoms were randomly assigned to I of 2 treatment conditions, i.e., hypnotically-induced vasodilation or a waiting-list control. Treatments were given on an individual basis, once a week for 6 weeks. Patients in the treatment condition showed highly significant increases in hand temperature between pre- and post-treatment. Patients in the treatment condition also showed highly significant reductions in pain in comparison to the waiting list condition.

<21 >
Authors Liossi C. Hatira P.
Institution University of Sunderland, United Kingdom.
Title
Clinical hypnosis versus cognitive behavioral training for pain management with pediatric cancer patients undergoing bons marrow aspirations.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(2):104-16, 1999 Apr.
Abstract
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of clinical hypnosis versus cognitive behavioral (CB) coping skills training in alleviating the pain and distress of 30 pediatric cancer patients (age
5 to 15 years) undergoing bons marrow aspirations. Patients were randomized to one of three groups: hypnosis, a package of CB coping skills, and no intervention. Patients who received either hypnosis or CB
reported less pain and pain-related anxiety than did control patients and less pain and anxiety than at their own baseline. Hypnosis and CB were similarly effective in the relief of pain. Results also indicated that
children reported more anxiety and exhibited more behavioral distress in the CB group then in the hypnosis group. It is concluded that hypnosis and CB coping skills are effective in preparing pediatric oncology patients
for bone marrow aspiration.

<22>
Authors Srhreiber EH.
Institution Rowan College of New Jersey, USA.
Title
Use of group hypnosis to improve college students' achievement.
Source Psychological Reports. 80(2)-.636-8, 1997 Apr.
Abstract
To examine whether group hypnosis would improve college students' achievement examination grades, including a midterm and final test of 30 educational psychology students who were hypnotized were compared with those of two control groups of 34 and 32 students. Analysis indicated for these intact classes the hypnotized group had a significantly higher mean score on final examination then those of the control groups, although differences in examination scores were nonsignificant at midterm. Suggestions for further research are made.

<23>
Authors Sutcher H.
Title
Hypnosis as adjunctive therapy for multiple sclerosis: a progress report.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 39(4):283-90, 1997 Apr.
Abstract
Several reports suggest that hypnosis can facilitate healing in various physical pathologies. This is a preliminary report, supported by three cases. They demonstrate that suggestion by a hypnotist of symptom improvement can be used beneficially in the treatment of the physical impairment caused by Multiple
Sclerosis. The first patient, severely affected, had Multiple Sclerosis for over 35 years. He had been wheelchair bound for many years. The second, recently diagnosed and minimally affected, had difficulty with balance and walked with the aid of a cane. The third, also minimally affected, reported pain in her right leg. All three
showed improvement either immediately or within several weeks when the hypnotist suggested improvement or displacement of symptoms with the patients in hypnosis. No attempt was made to deal with psychodynamics or
to suggest alternative symptoms to the patients. Symptom substitution did not occur. When symptoms improved, even slightly, these patients exhibited increased hopefulness.

<24>
Authors Kirsch 1.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of CT, Storrs 06269- lrvingk@uconnvm.uconn.edu
Title
Hypnotic suggestion: a musical mathaphor.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 39(4):271-7; discussion 277-81, 1997 Apr.
Abstract
Conceptually, hypnotizability has always been associated with the increase in suggestibility produced by hypnosis. In practice, hypnotizability is measured as suggestibility following a hypnotic induction. Our understanding of hypnosis and suggestion has been hampered by this discordance between the conceptual and operational definitions of hypnotizability. For example, despite hundreds of studies purporting to use standardized scales to assess hypnotizability, we know next to nothing about that construct, as it has been defined conceptually. Neither the hypothesis that it is a stable trait nor the hypothesis that it is modifiable have been tested in any study, and correlations between hypnotizability and other psychological or physiological variables have not yet been assessed. Conversely, we have learned much about hypnosis, suggestion, and suggestibility. Suggestibility has been measured on reliable and valid instruments, and we have abundant data on its stability, modifiability, and correlates. Hypnosis enhances suggestibility to a modest degree and increases the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

<25>
Authors Jasiukaitis P. Nouriani B. Hugdahl K. Spiegel D.
Institution Stanford University School of Medicine, USA.
Title
Relateralizing hypnosis: or, have we been barking up the wrong hemisphere'?. (Review] (65 refs]
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(2):158-77, 1997 Apr.
Abstract
Research and theory over the past couple decades have suggested that the right cerebral hemisphere might
be the focus of brain activity during hypnosis. Recent evidence from electrodermal responding, visual event-related potentials, and Stroop interference, however, can make a case for a role of the left hemisphere
in some hypnotic phenomena. Although hemispheric activation on hypnotic challenge may depend in large part on the kind of task the challenge might involve, several general aspects of hypnosis might be more
appropriately seen as left-rather than right-hemisphere brain functions. Among these are concentrated attentional focus and the role of language in the establishment of hypnotic reality. A left-hemisphere theory of hypnosis is discussed in light of recent findings and theories about a left-hemisphere basis for synthetic or
generational capabilities (Corballis, 1991) and a neuro-evolutionary model of a left-hemisphere dopaminergic activation system for the implementation of predetermined motor programs (Tucker & Williamson, 1984).

<26>
Authors Covino NA.
Institution Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Title
The integration of clinical and experimental work. [Review] (70 refs]
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(2):109-25, 1997 Apr.
Abstract
The work and the professional relationships of clinicians who use hypnosis and their research counterparts always contain a certain degree of tension. This is especially true when one group or the other claims to
have a purchase on truth. A review of the strengths and limitations of each subspecialty is provided along with an understanding of some of the differences between the clinical and experimental perspectives. The author raises a number of points with the hope that this article will promote discussion among those who are engaged in clinical and experimental work and those few who are active in both. Several suggestions for integration and collaboration are offered for consideration by both groups. [References: 701

<27>
Authors RushiaBL. ZamanskyHS.
Institution Northeastern University, USA.
Title
The experience of effortlessness in hypnosis: perceived or real?. (Review] 133 refs)
Source
International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(2):144-57, 1997 Apr.
Abstract
Hypnotized individuals who successfully respond to a suggestion typically report that the response requires little or no cognitive effort. It is important, however, to distinguish between whether this effect occurs in
actual effort or is only perceived. In addition, the authors distinguish between cognitive effort expended to initiate a response and that required to maintain it. The authors examine the different predictions of four
theories-compliance theory, sociocognitive theory (Lynn & Rhue, 1991), Hilgard's (I 986) neodissociation theory, and Bowers's (I 992) theory of dissociated control-regarding both of these distinctions. Experimental
evidence bearing on the various predictions is examined. Additionally, the authors propose a number of design modifications that may help sort out the variables contributing to the effortlessness of the hypnotic response. [References: 33)

<28>
Authors Van Dyck R. Spinhoven P.
Institution Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Title
Does preference for type of treatment matter? A study of exposure in vivo with or without hypnosis in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia.
Source Behavior Modification. 21(2):172-86, 1997 Apr.
Abstract
There is evidence that preference for a given therapy may influence results. Literature also suggests that hypnotizability may be elevated in agoraphobic patients, making hypnosis a potentially powerful method for
treatment. Agoraphobic patients (N = 64) were treated with either exposure in vivo or exposure combined
with hypnosis in a crossover design. Half of the patients started with the treatment they preferred and the other half received the other treatment first. Although patients' preference clearly shifted in favor of the combined
therapy in the course of the study, no effect of preference on outcome was evident. Although hypnotizability clearly correlated to out@ome in the combined therapy, no difference in effect between the two therapies was
found on behavioral, self-report, and observer measures. No additional effect of hypnosis could be shown and preference was not found to be a powerful mediator of effect. ISSN

<29>
Authors Kuyk J. Leijten F. Meinardi H. Spinhoven. Van Dyck R.
Institution Instituut voor Epilepsiebestrijding Meer en Bosch-De Cruquiushoeve, Heemstede, Netherlands. Title
The diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a review. [Review] [I 32 refs]
Source Seizure. 6(4):243-53,1997 Aug.
Abstract
Diagnosing psychogenir- non-epileptic seizures (PNES) is a clinical challenge. There is neither a standard in diagnosing PNES nor a comprehensive theoretical framework for this type of seizure. The diagnosis of PNES must be made by excluding epilepsy. However, epilepsy cannot always be determined and PNES and epileptic seizures may coexist. In this study, the characteristics of PNES and patients are discussed. The
diagnosis of PNES and epileptic seizures was facilitated by the simultaneous recording of seizures on video tape and EEG. Seizure provoking techniques, hormonal indices, and psychological methods were also used. The benefits and limitations of these techniques are discussed and proposals are made for clinical guidelines.

<30>
Authors de Pascalis V.
Institution University of Rome. depascal@giannutri.caspur.it
Title
Psychophysiological correlates of hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility. [Review] (104 refs)
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(2):117-43, 1999 Apr.
Abstract
This article reviews and summarizes electroencephalographic (EEG)-based research on physiological and cognitive indicators of hypnotic responding and hypnotic susceptibility, with special attention to the authors
programmatic research in this area, Evidence that differences in attention levels may account for hypnotic depth and individual differences in hypnotizability is provided with traditional EEG rhythms, event-related
potentials, and 40-Hz EEG activity. The alteration of stimulus perception may be a secondary effect with respect to allocation of attentional resources. In both nonhypnosis and hypnosis conditions, high hypnotizables
appeared to show greater task-related EEG hemispheric shifts than did low hypnotizables. Findings concerning cognitive and physiological correlates of hypnotic analgesia are discussed with respect to hemispheric functioning in the apparent control of focused and sustained attention.
The conclusion is that although a definitive EEG-based signature for hypnosis and hypnotizability is not yet established, there are a number of promising leads.

<31 >
Authors Faymonville ME. Mambourg PH. Joris J. Vrijens B. Fissette J. Albert A. Lamy M.
Institution Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Liege, Belgium.
Title
Psychological approaches during conscious sedation. Hypnosis versus stress reducing strategies: a prospective randomized study.
Source Pain. 73(3):361-7, 1997 Dec.
Abstract
Stress reducing strategies are useful in patients undergoing surgery. Hypnosis is also known to alleviate acute and chronic pain. We therefore compared the effectiveness of these two psychological approaches for
reducing perioperative discomfort during conscious sedation for plastic surgery. Sixty patients scheduled for elective plastic surgery under local.aneslhesia and intravenous sedation (midazolam and alfentanil upon
request) were included in the study after providing informed consent. They were randomly allocated to either stress reducing strategies (control: CONT) or hypnosis (HYP) during the entire surgical procedure. Both
techniques were performed by the same anesthesiologist (MEF). Patient behavior was noted during surgery by a psychologist, the patient noted anxiety, pain, perceived control before, during and after surgery, and
postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Patient satisfaction and surgical conditions were also recorded. Peri- and postoperative anxiety and pain were significantly lower in the HYP group. This reduction in
anxiety and pain were achieved despite a significant reduction in intraoperative requirements for midazolam and alfentanil in the HYP group (alfentanil: 8.7 +I- 0.9 microg kg(-I)/h(-l) vs. 19.4 +/- 2 microg kg(-I)/h(-I), P < 0.001; midazolam: 0.04 +/- 0.003 mg kg(-I)lh(-I) vs. 0.09 +/- 0.01 mg kg(-I)/h(-I), P < 0.001). Patients in the HYP group reported an impression of more intraoperative control than those in the CONT group
(P < 0.01). PONV were significantly reduced in the HYP group (6.5% vs. 30.8%, P < 0.001). Surgical conditions were better in the HYP group. Less signs of patient discomfort and pain were observed by the
psychologist in the HYP group (P < 0.001). Vital signs were significantly more stable in the HYP group. Patient satisfaction score was significantly higher in the HYP group (P < 0.004). This study suggests that hypnosis provides better perioperative pain and anxiety relief, allows for significant reductions in alfentanil and midazolam requirements, and improves patient satisfaction and surgical conditions as compared with
conventional stress reducing strategies support in patients receiving conscious sedation for plastic surgery.

<32>
Authors Patterson DR. Ptacek JT.
Institution Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA,
Title
Baseline pain as a moderator of hypnotic analgesia for burn injury treatment.
Source Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 65(l):60-7, 1997 Feb.
Abstract
Sixty-one patients hospitalized for severe burns were randomly assigned to conditions in which they received either hypnosis or a control condition in which they received attention, information, and brief relaxation
instructions from a psychologist. The posttreatment pain scores of the 2 groups did not differ significantly when all patients were considered. However, when a subset of patients who reported high levels of baseline
pain were examined, it was found that patients in the hypnosis group reported less posftreatrnent pain than did patients in the control group. The findings are used to replicate earlier studies of burn pain
hypnoanalgesia, explain discrepancies in the literature, and highlight the potential importance of motivation with this population.

<33>
Authors Steggles S. Damore-Petingola S. Maxwell J. Lightfoot N.
Institution Department of Psychosocial Resources, Northeastern Ontario Cancer Centre, Sudbury, Canada.
Title
Hypnosis for children and adolescents with cancer: an annotated bibliography, 1985-1995.
Source Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. 14(i):27-32, 1997 Jan.
Abstract
This annotated bibliography reviews the professional literature published in English, from 1985 to 1995 inclusive, on the subject of the use of hypnosis with pediatric cancer patients. Books, chapters, and journal
articles are included; dissertation, theses, and unpublished material are not. This bibliography contains 37 items organized into three categories: (1) General Discussions; (2) Case Reports or Case Studies: and (3)
Experimental and Nonexperimental Group Designs. The brief annotations provided are not intended to be reviews or to be evaluative, but, rather, to inform the reader about the content and focus of the publication. This is an update of a previously published annotated bibliography, also presented in this Joumal, which explored the relationship between hypnosis and pediatric cancer in journal articles published from 1960 to 85.

<34>
Authors Wood DP. Sexton JL.
Institution Naval Reserve Readiness Center-Denver, Aurora, CO, USA. Title
Self-hypnosis training and captivity survival.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 39(3):201-11, 1997 Jan.
Abstract
In February and March, 1973, 566 U.S. military prisoners (POWs) were released from North Vietnam. These men had been POWs for a period of time between 2 months and 9 years, with a mean incarceration of 4.44 years. They had faced physical and psychological stress similar to that experienced by POWs from previous wars: starvation, disease, inadequate shelter, lack of medical cars, interrogations and torture (Deaton, Burge,
Richlin & Latrownik, 1977; Mitchell, 1991). By definition, such prison conditions constituted a traumatic experience (Deaton et al., 1977). However, a unique stress for our POWs in North Vietnam was the additional
trauma of solitary confinement. This paper reviews the coping and "time killing" activities of U.S. Navy Vietnam POWs who experienced solitary confinement and tortuous interrogation. This paper also reports the
physical and psychological adjustment of our POWs following their release from captivity. Suggestions are made regarding the revision of the curriculum for captivity survival training programs such as Survival,
Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) school.

<35>
Authors Kohen DP. Wynne E.
Institution Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
Title
Applying hypnosis in a preschool family asthma education program: uses of storytelling, imagery, and relaxation.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 39(3):169-81, 1997 Jan.
Abstract
A Preschool Asthma Program was conducted 4 times for children 2 to 5 years of age and their parent(s). Twenty-five (25) child-parent(s) participated in the 7-session program. Data were collected prior to participation and again one year after completion of classes. Following participation, physician visits for asthma were reduced (p = 0.001 3) and parents reported increased confidence in self-management skills. Symptom severity scores improved significantly after participation (p < 0.001). A possible association was noted between participation in the program and parental expectations or projections of future outcome (0.05 < p < 0. 1). No changes were observed in the frequency of asthma episodes or in pulmonary function
tests before and after the program. With the hypnotherapeutic approach of imagery, preschoolers developed new cooperation in asthma-care skills, including cooperative and consistent performance of peakflow measurements.

<36>
Authors
Van Dyck R. Spinhoven P.
Institution Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Title
Depersonalization and derealization during panic and hypnosis in low and highly hypnotizable agorephobics. Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(l):41-54, 1997 Jan.
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the association between spontaneous experiences of depersonalization or derealization (D-D) during panic states and hypnosis in low and highly hypnotizable
phobic individuals. Secondarily, the association among level of hypnotizability, capacity for imaginative involvement, and severity of phobic complaints was also assessed. Sixty-four patients with panic
disorder with agoraphobia according to the DSM-111-R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) criteria participated in the study. Proneness to experience D-D during hypnosis was positively related to hypnotizability, but only for agoraphobic patients who had already experienced these perceptual distortions during panic episodes. Correlations of level of hypnotizability and capacity for imaginative involvement with severity of agoraphobic complaints were not significant. These findings suggest that hypnotizability may be a mediating variable between two different, although phenotypically similar, perceptual distortions experienced during panic states and hypnosis. Implications for both theory and clinical practice are discussed.

<37> Authors
Zachariae R. Jorgense6 MM. Christensen S. Bjerring P.
Institution
Institute of Psychology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
Title
Effects of relaxation on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction
to diphanyloyclopropenone (DCP).
Source
Allergy. 52(7):760-4, 1997 Jul.
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to the experimental allergen diphenylcyclopropenons (DCP) were measured in four groups, which either trained (+) or did not train in relaxation (-) during the sensitization and/or the challenge phase. All groups consisted of high and low hypnotic susceptible subjects. While there were no differences in erythema, the mean induration of the group which trained in relaxation in both the sensitization and the challenge phase was significantly greater than that of the group which trained in relaxation in the challenge phase only Significant correlations were found between induration and hypnotic susceptibility scores, and between induration and degree of perceived relaxation during challenge. High hypnotic susceptible subjects experienced a higher degree of perceived relaxation and exhibited greate@
indurative and erythematous DTH reactions to DCP than low hypnotic susceptible subjects in all four experimental conditions. Though the mediating mechanisms remain unclear, our results suggest that relaxation
may affect the DTH reaction, and support previous findings of higher psychophysiologic reactivity of high hypnotic susceptible subjects.

<38>
Authors Kirsch 1. Lynn SJ.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-1020,USA.
Title
Hypnotic involuntariness and the automaticity of everyday life. [Review) [60 refs]
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(l):329-48, 1997 Jul.
Abstract
We present a now theory of hypnotic involuntariness based on an integration and extension of recent social and cognitive theories on the automaticity of mundane, intentional behavior. According to this model,
experiences of volition and involuntariness-in and out of hypnosis-are constructions or interpretations made possible by the high degree of automaticity that is a characteristic of all complex behavior, including
novel behavior. Suggested nonvolitional behaviors are intentional acts that are triggered automatically by situational cues (suggestions) and cue-related sensations. The triggering of both the behaviors and the
sensations are enabled by the formation of a generalized response expectancy, which is a cognitive set to respond appropriately to suggestions. Response expectancies are functionally equivalent to
implementation intentions taking the form, "emit response x when situation y is encountered." The classification of a response set as either an expectancy or an intention and the experience of the response as
volitional or nonvolitional depend on interpretations derived from instructional cues and prior beliefs.

<39>
Authors Ray WJ.
Institution Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA.
Title
EEG concomitants of hypnotic susceptibility. (Review] [53 refs]
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(3):301-13,1997 Jul.
Abstract
Numerous historical attempts have been directed at understanding electrocortical concomitants of hypnosis. Today, with the availability of more sophisticated multichannel recording technologies and
signal-processing approaches, it is possible to reconsider and update previous attempts. The most solid relationship between electrocortir-al activity and hypnotizability exists in the EEG theta frequency range.
Given the stable electrocortical differences found in high and low susceptible individuals, the question arises whether we can use additional EEG measures to help understand the nature of these individual
differences. One possible alternative is the pointwise or fractal dirnension, which we examined during baseline conditions with high and low hypnotic susceptible individuals. The dimensionality measures suggest that high susceptible individuals display underlying brain patterns associated with imagery, whereas low
susceptible individuals show patterns consistent with cognitive activity (i.e., mental math). This type of speculation is similar to that of Tellegen, who makes a distinction between imaginative
versus realistic responding. Future research should address the exact nature of the underlying process (imagination, effortlessness, suggestibility, etc.) seen in high and low susceptible individuals.

<40>
Authors Walsh BJ.
Title
Goldfinger: a framework for resolving affect using ideomotor questioning
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(l):349-59, 1997 Jul.
Abstract
The author presents a structured protocol for resolving repressed, suppressed or otherwise dated affect using ideomotor questioning. Essential to this model is a progressive ratification series which addresses affect, cognition and behavior. A questioning tree illustrates the method of affect inquiry and case examples demonstrate its application. This non-invasive, brief procedure is a useful adjunct to
other treatment modalities and instrumental in clarifying the focus of treatment.

<41 >
Authors Chaves JF.
Institution Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202-5186, USA. Title
The state of the "state" debate in hypnosis: a view from the cognitive-behavioral perspective. freview] [70] Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 45(3):251--65, 1997 Jul.
Abstract
For most of the past 50 years, hypnosis research has been driven by a debate about whether hypnotic phenomena can be best described and understood as the product of an altered state of consciousness. The
meanings of some of the pivotal concepts in this debate and the nature of the phenomena that gave rise to them were ambiguous at the outset and led to misconceptions and surplus meanings that have obscured the debate through most of its history. The nature of the posited hypnotic state and its assumed consequences have changed during this period, reflecting the abandonment of untenable versions of hypnotic state theory. Carefully conducted studies in laboratories around the world have refined our understanding of hypnotic phenomena and helped identify the critical variables that interact to elicit them. With the maturation of the
cognitive-behavioral perspective and tlie growing refinement of state conceptions of hypnosis, questions arise whether the state debate is still the axis about which hypnosis research and theory pivots. Although
heuristic value of this debate has been enormous, we must guard against the cognitive constraints of our own metaphors and conceptual frameworks. [References: 70)

<42>
Authors Stanton HE.
Institution University of Tasmania, Australia.\
Title
Gurdjieff and ego-enhancement: a powerful alliance.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(l):376-84, 1997 Jul.
Abstract
24 housewives wishing to take more control over their lives were matched on their Control of Life Thermometer scores, one member of each pair being randomly allocated to either an Experimental or a Control group. While this latter group read material on how they might achieve the increased control they desired, the Experimental group had two 50-minuts sessions during which they learned how to embed suggestions derived from the work of Gurdjieff into a framework designed to maximize their acceptance. The Control of Life Thermometer was administered on two further occasions, one immediately after completion of the second training session and one as a follow-up six months later. After completion of this first stage of the study, Control group housewives experienced the same two treatment sessions as had the Experimental group. Results indicated that control of life, as operationally defined by the Thermometer, was significantly greater both immediately after treatment and at the six month follow-up.

<43>
Authors Lynn SJ.
Institution Psychology Pepartment, State University of New York at Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
Title
Automaticity and hypnosis: a sociocognitive account. [Review] [33 refs)
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(3):239-50, 1997 Jul.
Abstract
This article provides an overview of a new theory of suggested involuntariness in hypnosis, developed in conjunction with Irving Kirsch. The theory is based on the following ideas. First, high hypnotizable participants enter hypnosis with a conscious intention to feel and behave in line with suggested experiences and movements. Second, people who are easily hypnotized hold firm expectations that they will succeed in
following the suggestions of the hypnotist. Third, the intention and expectation in turn function as response sets in the sense that they trigger the hypnotic response automatically. Fourth, given the intention
to feel and behave in line with the hypnotist's suggestions, hypnotized individuals show no hesitation to experience the suggested movements as involuntary because (a) these movements are actually triggered
automatically, and (b) the intention to cooperate with the hypnotist as well as the expectation to be able to do so create a heightened readiness to experience these actions as involuntary. (References: 33)

<44>
Authors Woody EZ.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Title
Have the hypnotic susceptibility scales outlived their usefulness?. [Review] 124 refs]
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(3):226-38, 1997 Jul.
Abstract
Hypnosis experiments often involve preselecting high- and low-scoring participants on the basis of one or more hypnotic suggestibility scales, and then studying the differences between these two groups. A number of possible critiques of this method are entertained in this article. For example, sociocognitive theorists would seem better advised to directly manipulate the variable or variables they believe underlie the differences in hypnotic susceptibility, and neodissociative theorists would seem well advised to question whether the scales muddle important distinctions in underlying mechanisms. In addition, parallels are drawn with developments in other areas of research, such as intelligence. (References: 24)

<45>
Authors Kirsch 1.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-1020, USA.
Title Suggestibility or hypnosis: what do our scales really measure?. [Review] (36 refs)
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(3):212-25, 1997 Jul.
Abstract
Conceptually, hypnotizability has always been defined as the increase in suggestibility produced by
hypnosis. In practice, hypnotizability is measured as suggestibility following a hypnotic induction. The data indicate that these are different constructs. Although the induction of hypnosis increases suggestibility to a
substantial degree, the correlation between hypnotic and nonhypnotic suggestibility approximates the
reliability coefficients of so-called hypnotizability scales. This indicates that hypnotic susceptibility scales are better measures of waking suggestibility than they are of hypnotizability. The discordance between conceptual and operational definitions of hypnotizability can be resolved either by changing the conceptual definitions of hypnosis and hypnotizability or by reinterpreting hypnotizability scores as indexes of nonhypnotic, imaginative suggestibility. [References: 36]

<46>
Authors Fouris DP.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
Title 17 1 ., .
"Indirect" suggestion in hypnosis: theoretical and experimental issues. [Review] [50 refs)
Source Psychological Reports. 80(3 Pt 2):1255-66, 1997 Jun.
Abstract
"Indirect" suggestion is conceptualized in two distinct ways in the literature. From an Ericksonian perspective
"indirect" suggestions are theoretically approached as suggestions which can circumvent the censorship of consciousness to reach the "unconscious" where they can activate dormant potentials. In contrast, from a research perspective "indirect" suggestion is operationally defined as a technique. Based on Ericksonian theory, it was claimed that "indirect" suggestion was more effective than traditional, "direct" suggestion. However, this claim could not be empirically substantiated. In this paper it is shown that the theoretical claim is based on questionable assumptions about the existence of the "unconscious" as a reified entity and about the direct and lineal influence of certain suggestions on this entity. Also, it is argued that traditional research strategies which emphasize strict controls are unable to verify or unambiguously refute the Ericksonian claim because these strategies are biased toward "direct" suggestion. Finally, the paper provides a different, contextual perspective on "indirect" suggestion, thereby placing the theoretical and experimental issues in a different context of meaning. [References: 50)

<47>
Authors Johnson DL.
Title
Weight loss for women: studies of smokers and nonsmokers using hypnosis
and multicomponent treatments with and without overt aversion.
Source Psychological Reports. 80(3 Pt I)-.931-3, 1997 Jun.
Abstract
Study I compared overweight adult women smokers (n = 50) and nonsmokers (n = 50) in an hypnosis-based, weight-loss program. Smokers and nonsmokers achieved signifir-ant weight losses and decreases in Body Mass Index. Study 2 treated I 00 women either in an hypnosis only (n = 50) or an overt aversion and hypnosis (n = 50) program. This multicomponent follow-up study replicated significant weight losses and declines in Body Mass Index. The overt aversion and hypnosis program yielded signifir-antly lower
posttreatment weights and a greater average number of pounds lost.

<48>
Authors Aydin S. Ercan M. Caskurlu T. Tasci Al. Karaman 1. Odabas Yilmaz Agargun MY. Kara Sevin G. Institution Department of Urology, Medical School of Yuzuncu Yil University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Title
Acupuncture and hypnotic suggestions in the treatment of non-organic male sexual dysfunction,
Source Scandinavian Journal of Urology & Nephrology. 31(3):271-4, 1997 Jun.
Abstract
We have examined the effects of acupuncture and hypnotic suggestions, and compared them with placebo in the treatment of male sexual dysfunction with no detectable organic cause. The study comprised 15 men (mean age 36.7 +/- 10.43 years) who received acupuncture treatment, 16 men (mean age 38.4 +/- 10.75 years) who underwent hypnosis (mean age 35.3 +/- 11.52 years) and 29 men (mean age 36.2 +/- 11.38 years) who served as controls. They were interviewed periodically; the patients' reports were verified by interviewing their partners. Men who received placebo had a 43-47% improvement in sexual function, while the rates of improvement in the treated groups were higher, but not significantly so. The success rates of
acupuncture and hypnotic suggestions were 60% and 75% respectively. Although the improvement was not statistically significant, treatment with acupuncture could be used as an adjuvant therapy in non-organic male
sexual dysfunction. The only treatment superior to placebo seemed to be hypnosis. A more effective
treatment may be obtained by combining these therapeutic modalities, but this needs further study.

<49>
Authors Dinges DF. Whitehouse WG. Orne EC. Bloom PB. Carlin MM. Bauer NK.
Gillen KA. Shapiro BS. Ohene-Frempong K. Dampier C. Orne MT.
Institution Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
Title
Self-hypnosis training as an adjunctive treatment in the management of pain associated with sickle cell disease.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(4):417-32, 1997 Oct.
Abstract
A cohort of patients with sickle cell disease, consisting of children, adolescents, and adults, who reported experiencing three or more episodes of vaso-occlusive pain the preceding year, were enrolled in a prospective
two-period treatment protocol. Following a 4-month conventional treatment baseline phase, a supplemental cognitive-behavioral pain management program that centered on self-hypnosis was implemented over the next 18 months. Frequency of self-hypnosis group straining sessions began at once per week for the first 6
months, became biweekly for the next 6 months, and finally occurred once every third week for the remaining 6 months. Results indicate that the self-hypnosis intervention was associated with a significant reduction in pain days. Both the proportion of "bad sleep" nights and the use of pain medications also decreased significantly during the self-hypnosis treatment phase. However, participants continued to report disturbed sleep and to require medications on those days during which they did experience pain. Findings further suggest that the overall reduction in pain frequency was due to the elimination of less severe episodes of pain. Non-specific factors may have contributed to the efficacy of treatment. Nevertheless, the program clearly demonstrates that
an adjunctive behavioral treatment for sickle cell pain, involving patient self-management and regular contact with a medical self-hypnosis team, can be beneficial in reducing recurrent, unpredictable episodes of pain in a
patient population for whom few safe, cost-effective medical alternatives exist.

<50>
Authors Chaves JF. Dworkin SF.
Institution Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202-5186, USA.
Title
Hypnotic control of pain: historical perspectives and future prospects. [Review] [108 refs)
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 45(4):356-76, 1997 Oct.
Abstract
Hypnotic analgesia has occupied a pivotal place in experimental and clinical hypnosis. It emerged early in the I gth century when effective clinical techniques for pain management had not yet developed, and the
relief of pain and suffering had not even become a well-defined social goal. Its acceptance was further complicated by political struggles surrounding the humanitarian transformation of medicine during this era as
well as a redefinition of the physician-patient relationship that wrested control from the patient. The initial struggle for professional acceptance was won only when the debate became almost entirely localized within
the professional community. Acceptance of hypnosis by professional organizations has been followed by alternating periods of interest and indifference. While the evidence for the powerful effects of suggestion
and related variables has often been observed and reported in nonhypnotic contexts, their relationship to hypnotic phenomena leas often not been appreciated. Since the mid-20th century, scientific information about
hypnotic analgesia has grown substantially and has had significant influence on strategies for acute and chronic pain management. If recent calls for its wider application in pain management are to succeed, it will
require additional data from clinical populations and a balanced and scientifically prudent approach by its advocates. (References: 1081

<51 >
Authors Schafer DW.
Institution University of California, Irvine, USA.
Title
Hypnosis and the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(2):111-7, 1997 Oct.
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease can be cured if they are treated as autoimmuns diseases with a special understanding of the personality conflicts in the patient. The author hypothesizes that all autoimmung
diseases are characterized by a high normal amount of the aggressive instinctual drives and ambivalence about their realization. Each patient's personality causes the ambivalence to be somaticized into specific
autoimmuns bodies that aggressively are overproduced and then attack specific tissues. Hypnosis helps in gaining insight, reinforcing interpretations, handling stress, visualizing normal intestinal areas, and
controlling of the autoimmune antibodies to the normal level. This paper deals specifically with these 2 diseases.

<52>
Authors Phillips M.
Title
Spinning straw into gold: utilization of transferential resources to strengthen the hypnotic relationship
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(2):118-29,1997 Oct.
Abstract -
This paper examines the therapeutic utilization of various transference reactions to strengthen the interpersonal relationship between hypnotherapist and patient. Both positive and negative transference
reactions will be explored, including idealizations, fear reactions, exaggerated dependency needs, and wishes for magical cures from the hypnotist. Case examples are presented to demonstrate specific utilization
techniques that can be employed with and without formal uses of hypnosis.

<53>
Authors Bayot A. Capafons A. Cardena E.
Institution Department de Personalitat, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain.
Title
Emotional self-regulation therapy: a new and efficacious treatment for smoking.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(2):146-56, 1997 Oct.
Abstract
We describe emotional self-regulation therapy, a recently-developed suggestion technique for the treatment of smoking, and present data attesting to its efficacy. Of the 38 individuals who completed treatment,
82% (47% of the initial sample) stopped smoking altogether and 13% (8% of the initial sample) reduced their smoking. A follow-up at 6 months showed that 66% (38% of the initial sample) of those who had completed the
treatment remained abstinent and reported minimal withdrawal symptoms or weight gain. In a no-treatment comparison group, only 8% reduced their smoking or became abstinent.

<54>
Authors Golan HP.
Institution Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
Title
The use of hypnosis in the treatment of psychogenic oral pain.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(2):89-96, 1997 Oct.
Abstract
Psychogenic pain has been described in many parts of the body such as limbs, digestive system, respiratory organs, and obstetrics. Computer searches have not found a single published case of psychogenic pain of
dental origin. Two such cases are described within this paper, which describes pain severe enough to interfere with normal daily activity. The first describes a situation which resulted in 5 operations being performed before an adequate diagnosis was made and treatment started with hypnosis.
The second was an inability to work, sleep, and lead a normal existence because of pain which had no organic origin. Hypnosis treatment allowed the patient to have a proper diagnosis before any operative treatment was given and resume normal activity.

<55>
Authors Boyd JD.
Title
Clinical hypnosis for rapid recovery from dissociative identity disorder.
Source American Joumal of Clinical Flypnosis. 40(2):97-110, 1997 Oct.
Abstract
Numerous anecdotal reports and textbooks from distinguished mental health practitioners have accorded to clinical hypnosis a prominent role in the successful psychotherapeutic treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). This ideographic inquiry of one such treatment offers empirical support for the instrumental effects of clinical hypnosis with a highly hypnotizable patient who alleged intermittent sexual abuse during the 2-5 age range. Multiple pre- and post-i.-itervention measures, plus treatment trajectory monitoring and explication, demonstrate how hypnosis methodology contributed to a rapid recovery from DID. Future research is called for to further elucidate the therapeutic benefits of clinical hypnosis for DID patients having different levels of hypnotizability and treatment responsiveness.

<56>
Authors Pattison J.
Institution Chemotherapy Day Unit, Sunderland Royal Hospital.
Title
Hypnotherapy: complementary support in cancer cars. [Review] (30 refs)
Source Nursing Standard. II (52):44-6, 1997 Sep 17.
Abstract
The psychological and physical consequences of cancer threaten patients'welibeing and quality of life (Fallowfield 1991). Patients' needs are wide ranging and can include both personal and physical demands as well as support, relaxation and distraction. This article describes how many of these needs can be cared for by the skillful use of hypnotherapy.\

<57>
Authors Spiegel H.
Institution College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10128, USA.
Title
Nocebo: the power of suggestibility. [Review] [16 refs)
Source Preventive Medicine. 26(5 Pt 1):616-21, 1997 Sep-Oct.
Abstract
A useful way to summarize the placebo-nocebo theme is to consider the tension and interaction between conviction and responsibility. With the conviction of the mainstream biomedical paradigm prevalent today, it would be tempting to say to Dr. Engel's patient: "That question is nonsense. Cancer pain is not classified as 'male'or'femals.' Pain varies with location in the body and other factors." This response is technically
honest but, in affect, it would have the impact of a nocebo. It would impair the patient's hope and morale. The doctoes honesty and conviction would serve as blinders to the patient's suffering. This type of honest
statement results in a diminished sense of responsibility for the patients well-being. Taking the biopsychosocial context into account, Dr. Engel achieved a balance between conviction and responsibility. The
patient's question was understood within the meaning and metaphorical terms of her belief system. He answered in a manner that respected her private point of view toward pain and tapped her suggestibility, guiding her toward a probable placebo effect. "Female cancer" resonated with her personal beliefs and wish for less pain. Engel was both true to his convictions and responsible for providing the highest standard of rare by
understanding the patient's convictions and needs for comfort. The biopsychosocial concept provides a blueprint to bring the old-fashioned medical art of "humanness" to modern scientific cars. Identifying the
interactions of the problem, the person, and the totality of resources permits a focus on therapeutic strategies to promote placebo effects and prevent the consequences of nocebo. [References: 16)

<58>
Authors Walling DP. Levine RE.
Institution University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Title
Power in the hypnotic relationship: therapeutic or abusive?.
Source American Journal of Psychotherapy. 51(l):67-76, 1997 Winter.
Abstract
The unique relationship between hypnotist and subject has been theorized as one explanation for the effectiveness of hypnosis. This relationship carries a power differential, present in most therapeutic relationships, but accentuated by hypnosis. The power differential is sometimes perceived as the ability of the hypnotist to control the subject. Perceptions of hypnosis offered by stage hypnotists, the popular media, and some clinicians perpetuate the notion that the hypnotist has the ability to exert undue influence upon the client. The present article examines the relationship between hypnotist and subject focusing on issues of power and control. The authors examine the unique dynamics accompanying the use of hypnosis and their impact on the therapeutic dyad. Evidence is offered demonstrating the power differential, and how this differential can serve as either a positive or negative agent of change. Therapists should be aware of the dynamics created by using hypnosis. Implications for training therapists in the use of hypnosis are suggested.

<59>
Authors Barnier AJ. McConkey KM.
Institution School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Title
Posthypnotic responding: knowing when to stop helps to keep it going.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 46(2):204-19, 1998 Apr.
Abstract
The authors examined the effect of specifying (cue) or not specifying (no cue) the cancellation cue for posthypnotic suggestion. Responding was indexed on formal, embedded, informal, and postexperimental tests.
Thirty-six real, hypnotized participants and 20 simulating participants took part in an application of the real-simulating paradigm. Responding declined across the four tests. Real participants in the cue condition
maintained responding longer than simulators in the cue condition, and they also maintained responding longer than reals and simulators in the no cue condition. The findings highlight the interactional influence of
individual, interpersonal, and situational factors in posthypnotic responding and underscore the active involvement of individuals in hypnotically initiated events.

<60>
Authors Zimmerman J.
Institution Gastroenterology Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
Title
Hypnotic technique for sedation of patients during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(4):284-7, 1998 Apr.
Abstract
A method of sedation of patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal
endoscopy is described. This technique employs a variety of elements, including "pacing and leading," metaphors, use of physiological reactions to deepen the relaxation, imagery, and post hypnotic suggestions. It is a simple and effective method which does not require any preparation. It spares the need for a pharmacological sedation and obviates the possible hazards of such a sedation. The author has successfully used this technique to sedate more than 200 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoseopy. The duration of examinations performed this way compares with that using conventional pharmacological sedation.
However, unlike the case of pharmacological sedation, no further monitoring is needed after the completion of the examination and the patients can leave the clinic immediately to resume their activities.

<61 >
Authors Fligstsin D. Berabasz A. Barabasz M. Trovisan MS. Warner D.
Institution Hypnosis Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-2136, USA.
Title
Hypnosis enhances recall memory: a test of forced and non-forced conditions
Source
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(4):297-305,1998 Apr.
Abstract
Visual memory recall in hypnosis was investigated. To address criterion shift problems in previous studies, both forced and non-forced recall procedures were used. Previous methodological weaknesses with regard to
hypnotizability and hypnotic depth were also addressed. Over 300 volunteers were screened for hypnotizability using the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A (Shor & Ome, 1962). Final high and low hypnotizability groups were selected using the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 1962). Participants in each hypnotizability-group were randomly assigned to either forced or non-forced recall conditions and to hypnosis or waking conditions. Participants were shown 60 slides of line drawings and then tested immediately in 3 recall periods. Analysis of variance results showed that
those exposed to hypnosis and to a forced recall procedure were significantly more confident of their responses to correct items than those exposed to a non-forced recall procedure or a waking condition.
Participants exposed to hypnosis an-d forced recall procedures recalled more correct items than those exposed to a waking condition. The findings support the hypermnesic effects of hypnosis when participants are required to provide a fixed number of responses.

<62>
Authors Brandon S. Boakes J. Glaser D. Green R.
Institution St George's Hospital, London.
Title
Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for clinical practice [Review] [98 refs]
Source
British Journal of Psychiatry. 172:296-307, 1998 Apr.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The growth in the USA of 'recovered memory therapy' for past sexual abuse has caused great public and professional concern. It became apparent that the polarisation of views and fierce controversy within the American psychiatric community was in danger of bringing psychotherapy into disrepute and it seemed important to examine objectively the scientific evidence before such polarisation developed in the UK. METHOD: A small working group reviewed their own experience, visited meetings and centres with expertise in this field, interviewed 'refractors' and accused parents, and then began a comprehensive review of the literature. RESULTS: There is a vast literature but little acceptable research. Opinions are expressed with
great conviction but often unsupported by evidence. CONCLUSIONS: The issue of false or recovered
memories should not be allowed to confuse the recognition and treatment of sexually abused children. We concluded that when memories are'recovered' after long periods of amnesia, particularly when extraordinary means were used to secure the recovery of memory, there is a high probability that the memories are false, i.e. of incidents that had not occurred. Some guidelines which should enable practitioners to avoid the pitfalls of
memory recovery are offered. [References: 98)

<63>
Authors Barber J.
Institution University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
Title
When hypnosis causes trouble.
Source lnternationaiJournalofClinical&ExperimentaiHypnosis. 46(2):157-70, 1998Apr.
Abstract
Like any other effective intervention, hypnotic treatment can occasionally cause harmful effects as well as beneficial ones. The first step in avoiding clinical complications is recognizing that they can occur. A
review of the literature, however, suggests a long-standing inattention to the potential harmfulness of hypnotic interventions, including patients' unexpected reactions, leading to clinical complications, including
amnesia, catharsis, paralysis, disorientation, literalness of response, accelerated transference, and memory contamination. In addition to these unexpected reactions by patients, complications can also arise from a
practitioners need for power and by the inappropriately narrow focus on the hypnotic process itself, leading to distraction from the more fundamental clinical processed

<64>
Authors Schauble PG. Werner WE. Rai SH. Martin A.
Institution Counseling Center, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-4100, USA.
Title
Childbirth preparation through hypnosis: the hypnoreflexogenous protocol.
Source
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 40(4)-.273-83, 1998 Apr.
Abstract
A verbatim protocol for the "Hypnoreflexogenous" method of preparation for childbirth is presented wherein the patient is taught to enter a hypnotic state and then prepared for la6or and delivery. The method provides a
"conditioned reflex" effect conducive to a positive outcome for labor and delivery by enhancing the patient's sense of readiness and control. Previous applications of the method demonstrate patients have fewer
complications, higher frequency of normal and full-term deliveries, and more positive postpartum adjustment. The benefit and ultimate cost effectiveness of the method are discussed.

<65>
Authors De Pascalis V. Ray WJ. Tranquillo 1. D'Amico D.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of Rome, Italy.
Title
EEG activity and heart rate during recall of emotional events in hypnosis: relationships with hypnotizability Source
International Journal of Psychophysiology. 29(3):255-75, 1998 Aug.
Abstract
The purpose of the present research was to find physiological and cognitive correlates of hypnosis,
imaginative suggestibility and emotional experiences. After the administration of a standard hypnotic induction, the EEG and heart rate (HR) were recorded during self-generated happy and sad emotions using a relaxation
condition as a control. Physiological recordings were also obtained during three eyes-open and eyes4osed baseline periods: (1) waking rest; (2) early-rest in hypnosis Oust after the hypnotic induction); (3) late-rest
hypnosis (at the end of hypnotic condition). EEG was recorded at frontal (F3, F4), central (C3, C4), and posterior sites (middle of 01-P3-T5 and 02-P4-T6 triangles). Using log transform of mean spectral amplitude,
eight EEG frequency bands (4A4 Hz) were evaluated. High hypnotizable subjects, as compared to the lows, produced a higher thetal amplitude (4-6 Hz) across both left- and right-frontal and right-posterior areas.
These subjects also produced smaller alphal amplitude (8.25-10 Hz) over both left and right frontal
recording sites. High suggestible subjects, during resting conditions, disclosed higher theta2 (6.25-8 Hz) and alphal amplitudes in eyes-closed as compared to an eyes-open condition than did low suggestible subjects.
High suggestible subjects also showed, in hypnosis-rest condition, higher 40-Hz amplitudes (36-44 Hz) and HR activity than did low suggestible subjects. Hypnotizability and not suggestibility was found to moderate
emotional processing: high hypnotizable individuals self-reported greater levels of emotional experiences
than did low hypnotizables especially in terms of negative emotion. High hypnotizables, during processing of emotional material, also disclosed opposite 40-Hz hemispheric asymmetries over anterior and posterior
regions of the sr-alp. These subjects during happiness showed an increased production of 40-Hz activity in the left frontal and central regions of the scalp, while during sadness they showed an increased activity in the right central and posterior regions. The hemispheric asymmetries for relaxation condition were similar, but less
marked, to those obtained for happiness. No significant interactions involving both hypnotizability and imaginative suggestibility were found for physiological variables considered in this study. This demonstrates
that hypnotizability and suggestibility reflect different underlying psychophysiological activities.

<66>
Authors Muzur A. Fabbro F. Clarici A. Braun S. Bava A.
Institution Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italia.
Title
Encoding and recall of parsed stories in hypnosis.
Source Perceptual & Motor Skills. 87(3 Pt 1):963-71, 1998 Dec.
Abstract
To define the relationship between aspects of memory concerning encoding and recall of short texts and hypnosis, standardized stories were narrated to 12 subjects, both during ordinary state of consciousness and after hypnotic induction by.means of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (Form C). The narrative
material used as a stimulus was based on several stories taken from popular oral tradition, previously analyzed according to the classic criteria proposed by Rumelhart in 1975 and Mandier and Johnson in 1977. The subjects' memory performance during both experimental conditions was tape-recorded and compared with the analysis of the original stories (Terminal Nodes) as well as with the higher linguistic structures of the scheme (Basic Nodes), according to Rumelhart's typology. During hypnosis, the subjects recalled significantly fewer narrative elements at both levels of analysis (Terminal Nodes and Basic Nodes). We conclude that hypnosis does not enhance recent memory,

<67>
Authors Burg MA. Hatch RL. Neims AH.
Institution Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine,
Title
Lifetime use of alternative therapy: a study of Florida residents.
Source Southern Medical Journal. 91(12):1126-31, 1998 Dec.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Clinically relevant questions remain about who uses alternative medicine, which treatments they use and why. METHODS: The random digit dialing survey method was used to ask Florida residents
about their lifetime use of 1 1 different alternative therapies. The response rate was 54% (n=1,012). RESULTS: Sixty-two percent of respondents had used one or more of these alternative therapies. Women, unmarried persons, those with regular physicians, and those with poor self-rated health were the highest users. Home remedies were used by 31 % of the respondents, followed by special diets (24%), relaxation techniques (20%), and herbal medicines (18%). Acupuncture, biofeedback, energy healing, and hypnosis were used by less than 5% of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: Most respondents used an alternative therapy at some time. Ethnic diversity may be a useful marker for more diversity in alternative therapy. These results affirm the
need for accelerated physician education in alternative medicine to help physicians respond appropriately to patients' inquiries about alternative therapy.

<68>
Authors Brewin CR. Andrews B.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of London, Surrey, UK.
Title
Recovered memories of trauma: phenomenology and cognitive mechanisms. [Review] [98 refs]
Source Clinical Psychology Review. 18(8):949-70,1998 Dec.
Abstract
We outline four current explanations for the reported forgetting of traumatic events, namely repression, dissociation, ordinary forgetting, and false memory. We then review the clinical and survey evidence on
recovered memories, and consider experimental evidence that a variety of inhibitory processes are involved
in everyday cognitive activity including forgetting. The data currently available do not allow any of the four explanations to be rejected, and strongly support the likelihood that some recovered memories correspond to
actual experiences. We propose replacing the terms repression and dissociation as explanations of forgetting with an account based on cognitive science. [References: 98]

<69>
Authors Hrezo RJ.
Institution Navy Nurse Corps Anesthesia Program, Naval Sr-hoof of Health Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA.
Title
Hypnosis: an alternative in pain management for nurse practitioners. [Review) [7 refs]
Source Nurse Practitioner Forum. 9(4):217-26, 1998 Dec.
Abstract
Hypnosis and the trance phenomenon is an age-old tool for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including pain. Medically accepted for over 50 years as a legitimate therapy, research continues into its mechanisms and
actions. In this article, its origins, history, theoretical basis, and various uses are discussed. Case presentations from the author are provided, showing its use for a variety of pain management scenarios.
Sample hypnotic scripts allow the reader to better visualize the applicability of hypnotic suggestion to general inductions and pain management. References are provided for individuals seeking further
information and/or training in hypnosis. [References: 7)

<70>
Authors Schreiber EH. Schreiber KN.
Title
Use of hypnosis and Jacobson's relaxation techniques for improving academic achievement of coil. students. Source
Perceptual & Motor Skills. 1998 Feb.
Abstract
This study of group hypnosis and Jacobson's muscle relaxation techniques evaluated change in academic examination grades of undergraduate students in educational psychology. An intact group of 30 students who were hypnotized were compared over 15 weeks with a class of 22 students given muscle relaxation instruction. Although initially scores were similar, the former group had significantly higher mean scores on the final examination than the latter. Some suggestions for further study are ihade.

<71 >
Authors Sellick SL4. Zaza C.
Institution Northwestern Ontario Regional Cancer Centre, Thunder Bay.
Title
Critical review of 5 nonpharmacologic strategies for managing cancer pain. [Review) [35 refs)
Source Cancer Prevention& Control. 2(i):7-14, 1998 Feb.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Health care professionals at 2 Ontario cancer centres were surveyed to determine their familiarity with, perceptions of and interest in learning more about nonpharmacologic strategies for the management of
cancer pain, Evidence-based education sessions were subsequently developed for the 5 strategies in which participants were most interested. This article presents the results of critical literature reviews concerning the
effectiveness of the 5 strategies: acupuncture, massage therapy, hypnosis, therapeutic touch and biofeedback. METHODS: The databases MEDLINE (I 966 to June 1997), GINAHL (I 982 to June 1997) and PsychoiNFO Lit (1980 to June 1997) were searched systematically for randomized controlled trials (RCTS)
of the 5 nonpharmacologic strategies. The authors' personal files and reference lists of relevant papers and main texts were also searched. The quality of the trials was reviewed according to established criteria.
RESULTS: The search yielded I RCT of acupuncture, I of massage therapy and 6 of hypnosis. The studies of hypnosis suggested that there is much support for its use in the management of cancer pain. The evidence was either lacking or less clear for the other therapies examined. CONCLUSION: Because patients use a wide variety of nonpharmacologic strategies regardless of their effectiveness, clinicians need to be familiar with
available research and able to discuss those strategies for which the evidence is strong, weak or nonexistent. More research on the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic strategies for pain management is
needed.

<72>
Authors Vandenberg B.
Institution Psychology Department, University of Missouri-St. Louis 63121, USA.
Title
Hypnosis and human development: interpersonal influence of intrapersonal processes. [Review] [27 refs] Source Child Development. 69(l):262-7, 1998 Feb.
Abstract
This article revisits the too-long-forgotten relation between hypnosis and development, illuminating common processes underlying both, and using research on one to provide insights into the other. Hypnosis is defined
within a communications framework, and essential features of hypnosis are identified in the communicative exchanges of the first months of life. This forces a reconsideration of our understanding of the ontogenesis of
hypnosis. Hypnosis, in turn, offers important insights into development. Four key features of hypnosis are identified and their developmental implications examined. [References: 27]

<73>
Authors Crawford HJ. Knebel T. Kaplan L. Vendemia JM. Xis M. Jamison S. Pribram KH.
Institution Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, Blacksburg 94061-0436
Title
Hypnotic analgesia: 1. Somatosensory event-related potential changes to noxious stimuli and 2. Transfer learning to reduce chronic low back pain.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 46(l):92-132, 1998 Jan.
Abstract
Fifteen adults with chronic low back pain (M = 4 years), age 1 8 to 43 years (M = 29 years), participated. All
but one were moderately to highly hypnotizable (M = 7.87; modified I 1 -point Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility
Sr-ale, Form C (Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 19621), and significantly reduced pain perception following hypnotic analgesia instructions during cold-pressor pain training. In Part 1, somatosensm event-related
potential correlates of noxious electrical stimulation were evaluated during attend and hypnotic analgesia
(HA) conditions at anterior frontal (Fpl, Fp2), midfrontal (F3, F4), central (C3, C4), and parietal (P3, P4)
regions. During HA, hypothesized inhibitory processing was evidenced by enhanced N140 in the anterior frontal region and by a prestimulus positive-ongoing contingent cortical potential at Fpl only. During HA,
decreased spatiotemporal perception was evidenced by reduced amplitudes of P200 (bilateral midfrontal and central, and left parietal) and P300 (right midfrontal and central). HA led to highly significant mean reductions in perceived sensory pain and distress. HA is an active process that requires inhibitory effort, dissociated from conscious awareness, where the anterior frontal cortex participates in a topographically specific
inhibitory feedback circuit that cooperates in the allocation of thalamocortical activities. In Part 2, the authors document the development of self-efficacy through the successful transfer by participants of newly learned skills of experimental pain reduction to reduction of their own chronic pain. Over three experimental sessions,
participants reported chronic pain reduction, increased psychological well-being, and increased sleep quality. The development of "neurosignatures of pain" can influence subsequent pain experiences (Coderre, Katz, Vaccarino, & Melzack, 1993; Molzack, 1993) and may be expanded in size and easily reactivated (Flor & Birbaumer, 1994; Melzack, 1991, 1993). Therefore, hypnosis and other psychological interventions
need to be introduced early as adjuncts in medical treatments for onset pain before the development of chronic pain.

<74>
Authors Eastwood JD. Gaskovski P. Bowers KS.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Title
The folly of effort: ironic effects in thg mental control of pain.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 46(l):77-91, 1998 Jan.
Abstract
During exposure to pain, participants who were engaged in hypnotic analgesia or stress inoculation provided pain reports every 5 s and 45 s, respectively. It was found that the frequency of pain reporting had a
significant affect on participants' level of experienced pain. This finding is discussed in the context of
important methodological implications for laboratory investigations of analgesia. Furthermore,
preliminary evidence was obtained suggesting that high hypnotizables in hypnotic analgesia remained relatively undisrupted by frequent pain reporting. Based on Wegner's (1 994) ironic process theory, it is argued
that this pattern of results is inconsistent with theories of hypnosis that propose that hypnotized individuals
intentionally engender responses while remaining unaware of their sustained, deliberate effort. The
obtained pattern of results was, however, predicted from the dissociated control model of hypnosis (Bowers, 1990, 1992).

<75>
Authors Barber J.
Institution University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
Title
The mysterious persistence of hypnotic analgesia.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 46(i):28-43, 1998 Jan.
Abstract
Hypnotic treatment of pain has a long history and, among hypnotic phenomena, pain relief is a relatively commonplace focus for intervention, yet we lack a conceptual explanation for this treatment. Hilgard's
neodissociation theory accounts for the phenomenon of acute hypnotic analgesia, but not of persistent pain relief. Perhaps the enduring effect of hypnotic treatment can be explained at either of two levels: a
neurophysiological model or a learning model. This explanation leads to the further question: How does hypnotic treatment of recurring pain achieve enduring relief? Clinical experience suggests a two-component model. First, the clinician communicates specific ideas that strengthen the patient's ability to derive therapeutic support and to develop a sense of openness to the unexplored possibilities for pain relief within the security of nurturing therapeutic relationship. Second, the clinician employs posthypnotic suggestions that capitalize on
the patient's particular pain experiences, which simultaneously ameliorate the pain experience, and which, in small, repetitive increments, tend to maintain persistent pain relief over increasing periods of time.

<76>
Authors Kirsch 1. Lynn SJ.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-1020,
Title
Dissociation theories of hypnosis [see comments]. (Review] [II 9 refs]
Source Psychological Bulletin. 123(l):100-15, 1998 Jan.
Abstract
Hypnotic responses have been attributed to 2 mechanisms that are characterized as dissociative. In E. R. Hilgard's (1986) neodissociation theory, responses are hypothesized to be due to a division of
consciousness into 2 or more simultaneous streams, separated by an amnesic barrier that prevents access to suggestion-related executive functions, monitoring functions, or both. In K. S. Bowers's (I 992) dissociated
control theory, hypnotic inductions are hypothesized to weaken frontal control of behavioral schemas, thereby allowing direct activation of behavior by the hypnotist's suggestions. The authors review the empirical
base, conceptual issues, and strengths and weaknesses of both theories.

<77>
Authors Wark D. Kohen DP.
Institution University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. Wark@mister.ucs.umn.adu
Title
Facilitating facilitators'facilitation: experience with a model for teaching leaders of hypnosis practice groups. Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 41(l):75-83, 1998 Jul.
Abstract
We developed a 6 hour training seminar for leaders of small group practice sessions integral to introductory hypnosis workshops. It has been offered annually for 3 years to prepare new faculty for our Introductory Workshop. Applicants met specific experience criteria. Participation was limited to 8 to match and model 8 learnerstsmall group in workshops. Learners reviewed principles of adult education, group dynamics, and guidelines for leaders. Each had the opportunity to role-play small group participant and small group leader in two 3 hour evening periods a week apart. Twenty-four learners participated. Some had taught before. Most were new to teaching small groups and desired specific training. Extensive evaluation of the training was integral to the process. Training was evaluated by examining ratings of leaders by participants in our Annual Introductory Workshop. Ratings used the same parameters taught and evaluated during the training
seminar. The training curriculum is presented with the results of evaluations of group leaders' performances in the Annual Workshop, Ratings of "experienced" leaders who did not participate in the training are
compared to those of newly trained teachers. Leaders with training plus experience were more effective then leaders with many years of experience.\

<78>
Authors Faymonville ME. Defechereux T. Joris J. Adant JP. Hamoir E. Meurisse M.
Institution Service d'Anesthesio-Reanimation, Universite de Liege.
Title
(Hypnosis and its application in surgery). [Review] [15 refs] [French)
Original Title L'hypnose et son application en chirurgie.
Source Revue Medicals de Liege. 53(7):414-8, 1998 Jul.
Abstract
Since 1992, we have used hypnosis routinely in more than 1400 patients undergoing surgery. We found that hypnosis used in patients as an adjunct to conscious sedation and local anesthesia was associated with improved intraoperative patient comfort, and with reduced anxiety, pain, intraoperative requirements for anxiolytic and analgesic drugs, optimal surgical conditions and a faster recovery of the patient. We reported
our clinical experience and our fundamental research. [References: 15]

<79>
Authors Cowles RS.
Institution Department of Psychology, Duquesne University, USA.
Title
The magic of hypnosis: is it child's play?.
Source Journal of Psychology. 132(4):357-66, 1998 Jul.
Abstract
Hypnosis is often disregarded and undervalued because it cannot be currently explained by natural science
or scientific method. An alternative existential psychology paradigm, specifically an existential- phenomenological model, is offered here to close the gap between the theoretical and the actual clinical practice of hypnosis. This existential-phenomenological model emphasizes the individual's experience
over any preconceived notions or diagnoses. In this context, the author introduces and discusses the idea that perception prefigures embodiment, creating the power of suggestion. And children's greater overall hypnotic susceptibility is explained as a result of natural unbiased observations of the world, free of the mind-body split that adults apply to perception.

<80>
Authors Oster MI.
Institution Adler School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL 60601, USA.
Title
A graduate school curriculum in clinical hypnosis.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 41(l):65-74, 1998 Jul.
Abstract
The literature suggests a growing interest in hypnosis training. With this growing interest, there has been an increase in training opportunities for the interested clinician. However, much of that training is in the form of
a single course or workshop, or a series of single workshops. Many programs only offer hypnosis courses when the appropriate faculty is interested in offering such a course. Other programs offer a minimal
exposure to hypnosis, less than a minimal degree of training as suggested by ASCH. This paper describes a formal, integrated curriculum in clinical hypnosis that is offered through a psychology graduate school. An
integrated program offers students and practicing professionals the opportunity to learn hypnosis in an environment that offers ongoing supervision and support of their long term development.

<81 >
Authors Stanley RO. Rose L. Burrows GD.
Institution Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin, Australia.
Title
Professional training in the practice of hypnosis--the Australian experience.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 41(i):29-37, 1998 Jul.
Abstract
Increasingly around the world as clinicians and researchers alike become more sophisticated in their understanding of the hypnotic process, there is developing a conviction that the hypnotic state or process itself poses no inherent dangers for patients but that its inexpert use may. The solution to prevent potential patient harm is to ensure that all clinicians of whatever discipline have adequate and appropriate clinical
training prior to being allowed to practice. Since 1985, in all the Australian states, the appropriate disciplines, already licensed to practice their profession, have completed 2 years part-time academic and clinical training in the nature and nuances of hypnosis (30 hours), practical experience of direct and indirect approaches, and supervised clinical case management (50 hours). At the end of the training they complete a 3 part examination of competence (clinical cases reports, written examination, and oral examination) in order to be accepted as
members of the Australian Society of Hypnosis. Only by completing this training and peer reviewed assessment are clinicians able to receive the backing of the Society and recommendation to patients of their competence as clinicians using hypnosis. Recently in the states of Victoria and South Australia (and soon in the state of Queensland), the training program of the Australian Society of Hypnosis has been incorporated
into a university diploma course, giving formal academic recognition to the approach to
training. The University of Melbourne diploma course will be discussed with a view to illustrating these recent developments.

<82>
Authors Yapko MD. Barretta NP. Barretta PF.
Institution The Milton Erickson Institute of San Diego.
Title
Clinical training in Ericksonian hypnosis.
Source American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 41(l):18-28, 1998 Jul.
Abstract
The authors place great value on the role of experiential learning in their clinical trainings on Ericksonian approaches to hypnosis. This article describes several of the principal skill-building exercises used
in their training programs. These highly practical exercises are intended to facilitate: (a) developing sensory acuity, (b) developing flexibility in forming and delivering suggestions, (c) employing naturalistic methods,
(d) employing reframings, and (e) embedding suggestions. A rationale and goal for each exercise are also presented in order to help create an appropriate context for its use.

<83>
Authors Agargun MY. Tekeoglu 1. Kara H. Adak B. Ercan M.
Institution Department of Psychiatry, University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey.
Title
Hypnotizability, pain threshold, and dissociative experiences.
Source Biological Psychiatry. 44(l)-.69-71, 1998 Jul 1.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There may be an association between pain threshold, hypnotizability, and dissociative experiences. The purpose of the present study was to examine this association. METHODS: Forty-one healthy subjects were included in the study. Pain thresholds were determined using a manual algometer. The Dissociative Experiences Scale was administered to all subjects. Hypnotizability of the subjects was assessed by the eye roll sign of the Hypnotic Induction Profile. There were 14, 15, and 12 subjects in the Grade 1, 2, and 3 groups, respectively. RESULTS: Highly hypnotizable subjects had lower pain thresholds and were more likely to report dissociative experiences than the less hypnotizable subjects. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between pain threshold, hypnotizability, and dissociative experiences. It may be suggested that
dissociative and somatic symptoms may be integrally linked and related to hypnotic suggestibility.

<84>
Authors Stradling J. Roberts D. Wilson A. Lovelock F.
Institution Chest Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
Title
Controlled trial of hypnotherapy for weight loss in patients with obstructive sleep apnosa.
Source International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders. 22(3):27MI, 1998 Mar.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess if hypnotherapy assists attempts at weight loss. DESIGN: Randomised, controlled, parallel study of two forms of hypnotherapy (directed at stress reduction or energy intake reduction), vs
dietary advice alone in 60 obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea on nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment. SETTING: National Health Service hospital in the UK. MEASURES: Weight lost at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after dietary advice and hypnotherapy, as a percentage of original body weight. RESULTS: All three groups lost 2-3% of their body weight at three months. At 18 months only the hypnotherepy group (with stress reduction) still showed a significant (P < 0.02), but
small (3.8 kg), mean weight loss compared to baseline. Analysed over the whole time period the
hypnotherapy group with stress reduction achieved significantly more weight loss than the other two treatment arms (P < 0.003), which were not significantly different from each other. CONCLUSIONS: This controlled trial on the use of hypnotherapy, as an adjunct to dietary advice in producing weight loss, has produced a
statistically significant result in favour of hypnotherapy. However, the benefits were small and clinically insignificant. More intensive hypnotherapy might of course have been more successful, and perhaps the
results of the trial are sufficiently encouraging to pursue this approach further.

<85>
Authors Danziger N. Fournier E. Bouhassira D. Michaud D. De Broucker T. Santarr-angelo Willer JC. Institution Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Pitie-Salpetriers, Paris, France.
Title
Different strategies of modulation can be operative during hypnotic analgesia: a neurophysiological study. Source Pain. 75(l):85-92, 1998 Mar.
Abstract
Nociceptive electrical stimuli were applied to the sural nerve during hypnotically-suggested analgesia in the left lower limb of I 8 highly susceptible subjects. During this procedure, the verbally reported pain
threshold, the nociceptive flexion (Rill) reflex and late somatosensory evoked potentials were investigated in parallel with autonomic responses and the spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG). The hypnotic suggestion of analgesia induced a significant increase in pain threshold in all the selected subjects. All the subjects showed large changes (i.e., by 20% or more) in the amplitudes of their Rill reflexes during hypnotic analgesia by comparison with control conditions. Although the extent of the increase in pain threshold was similar in all the subjects, two distinct patterns of modulation of the Rill reflex were observed during the hypnotic analgesia: in I I subjects (subgroup 1), a strong inhibition of the reflex was observed whereas in the other seven subjects (subgroup 2) there was a strong facilitation of the reflex. All the subjects in both subgroups displayed similar decreases in the amplitude of late somatosensory evoked cerebral potentials. during the hypnotic analgesia. No modification in the autonomic parameters or the EEG was observed. These data suggest that different strategies of modulation can be operative during effective hypnotic analgesia and
that these are subject-dependent. Although all subjects may shift their attention away from the painful stimulus (which could explain the decrease of the late somatosensory evoked potentials), some of them inhibit their
motor reaction to the stimulus at the spinal level, while in others, in contrast, this reaction is facilitated.

<86>
Authors Muck-Weymann M. Tritt K. Hornstein OP. Mosler T. Joraschky P.
Institution Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Dresden Univ of Tech. Germany.
Title
Rhythmical changes of the cutaneous blood flow in the forehead region under the condition of hypnoid relaxation,
Source Vasa. 27(4):220-3, 1998 Nov.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A characteristic and stable blood flow rhythm can be detected for the skin of the forehead
and ear lobes with frequencies of approx. 0.15 Hz (9/min), which were primarily not related to the respiratory rhythm. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The perfusion of the skin in the forehead region was investigated
non-invasively with laser Doppler fluxmetry in ten healthy subjects before and during Hypnoid Relaxation
(HyR). The HyR-state was induced by suggesting formulas regarding to the well known Autganeous
Training. RESULTS: In all test subjects rhythmical fluctuations of bloodflow with a frequency of approx. 0. 1 5
Hz could be observed both, before and during HyR. We found that the amplitude of these fluctuations
clearly (> 20% from individual baseline) increased in five of ten test subjects under the condition of HyR. Furthermore, in three of ten cases the spontaneous respiration under HyR adjusted to the frequency of the
described bloodflow rhythm, which exists both, before and during HyR. CONCLUSIONS: These phenomena suggest an individually stabil and autonomous rhythm which is effected by alterations in the level of conciousness and which may be caused by the close linkage between the ner-val structures for control of respiratory and circulatory systems, May be, this autonomic rhythm could be used as a trigger for breathing therapies or as a parameter for the impact of relaxation techniques on hemodynamics, e.g. in complementary therapy of vascular diseases like systemic sclerosis.

<87>
Authors Bilkis MR. Mark KA.
Institution New York University Medical Center, New York, USA.
Title
Mind-body medicine. Practical applications in dermatology. [Review] (13 refs]
Source Archives of Dermatology. 134(li):1437-41, 1998 Nov.
Abstract
It is only recently that Western physicians are rediscovering the link between thought and health. The
spectrum of causative factors in inflammatory dermatoses are often multifactorial. Stress and negative
thoughts are major factors in dermatologic conditions. This article begins with some basic information on the ways that thoughts affect health. Practical methods of intervention including meditation, journal writing,
affirmations, prayer, biofeedback, and hypnosis are presented.

<88>
Authors Kogon MM. Jasiukaitis P. Berardi A. Gupta M. Kosslyn SM. Spiegel D.
Institution Stanford University, USA.
Title
Imagery and hypnotizability revisited.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 46(4):363-70, 1998 Oct.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to correlate computer-generated imagery tasks and a self-report measure of imagery ability with hypnotizability, hypothesizing that computer-generated imagery tasks would be better
predictors of hypnotizability than will the self-report measure. Hypnotizability of 43 subjects was assessed using the Hypnotic Induction Profile and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C. Imagery
ability was assessed by the Visual Vividness Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and by computer-generated imagery tasks measuring the ability to generate, maintain, and transform images. Although there was no correlation between the VVIQ and hypnotizability, the less hypnotizable subjects made twice as many mistakes in the spatial imagery tasks than did the more hypnotizables, but this difference was not statistically significant. The relationships among hypnotic performance, hypnotizability, and imagery functions are complex.

<89>
Authors Rainville P. Hofbauer RK. Paus T. Duncan GH. Bushnell MC. Price DD.
Institution Universits de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Title
Cerebral mechanisms of hypnotic induction and suggestion.
Source JournalofCognitiveNeuroscience. 11(i):110-25,1999Jan.
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying hypnotic states and responses to hypnotic suggestions remain largely unknown and, to date, have been studied only with indirect methods. Here, the effects of hypnosis and suggestions to alter pain perception were investigated in hypnotizable subjects by using positron emission tomography (PET) measures of regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of brain electrical activity. The experimental conditions included a restful state (Baseline)
followed by hypnotic relaxation alone (Hypnosis) and by hypnotic relaxation with suggestions for altered pain
unpleasantness (Hypnosis-with-Suggestion). During each scan, the left hand was immersed in neutral (35
degree C) or painfully hot (47 degrees C) water in the first two conditions and in painfully hot water in the last condition. Hypnosis was accompanied by significant increases in both occipital RCBF and delta EEG activity, which were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001). Peak increases in RCBF were also
observed in the caudal part of the right anterior cingulate sulcus and bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyri. Hypnosis-related decreases in RCBF were found in the right inferior parietal lobuis, the left precuneus, and the posterior cingulate gyrus. Hypnosis-with-suggestions produced additional widespread increases in RCBF in the frontal cortices predominantly on the left side. Moreover, the medial and lateral posterior parietal cortices showed suggestion-related increases overlapping partly with regions of hypnosis-related decreases. Results support a state theory of hypnosis in which occipital increases in RCBF and delta activity reflect the
alteration of consciousness associated with decreased arousal and possible facilitation of visual imagery. Frontal increases in RCBF associated with suggestions for altered perception might reflect the verbal mediation of the suggestions, working memory, and top-down processes involved in the reinterpretation of the perceptual experience. These results provide a new description of the neurobiological basis of hypnosis, demonstrating
specific patterns of cerebral activation associated with the hypnotic state and with the processing of hypnotic suggestions.

<90>
Authors McConkey KM. Wende V. Barnier AJ.
Institution School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Title
Measuring change in the subjective experience of hypnosis.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(l):23-39, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
The authors indexed the subjective experience of hypnosis through the use of a continuous behavioral
measure of the strength of the participant's experience at the time of the suggestion. Specifically, subjects turned a dial to indicate changes in their experience of the suggested effect during that experience.
Thirty-three high, 47 medium, and 28 low hypnotizable subjects were asked to use the dial during the suggestion, test, and cancellation phases of three hypnotic items: arm levitation, arm rigidity, and anosmia. The pattern of ratings differed according to the nature of the suggestion. Also, across the items, subjects who passed according to behavioral criteria experienced the suggested effect to a greater degree than those who failed. Notably, whereas the ratings of highs and mediums did not differ for any item, they differed from lows on
all three items. The authors discuss the implications of these findings in terms of the potential for this method to provide insight into the experience of hypnosis.

<91>
Authors Kirsch 1. Wickless C. Moffitt KH.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-1020,
Title
Expectancy and suggestibility: are the effects of environmental enhancement due to detection?.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(l):40-5, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
This study replicated the effect of Wickless and Kirsch's experiential expectancy manipulation, in which lights
and music from hidden sources were used to convince participants that they were responding successfully
to suggestions for visual and auditory hallucinations. The hypothesis that the effect is mediated by detection
of the manipulation was tested by providing some participants with cues that their experiences were due to
actual changes in the physical environment rather than to their responses to suggestion. This hypothesis was not confirmed. A significant effect on suggestibility was obtained only @mong participants not given cues aimed
at enabling detection of the manipulation, and among those provided with the cues, suspicion of the manipulation was negatively correlated with response to suggestion.

<92>
Authors Bryant RA. Barnier AJ. Mallard D. Tibbits R.
Institution School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Title
Posthypnotic amnesia for material learned before hypnosis.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(l):46-64, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
The impact of a suggestion for posthypnotic amnesia on material learned either before or during hypnosis was investigated across 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, very high, high, and low hypnotizable participants learned
a word list either before or immediately after a hypnotic induction. During hypnosis, participants were given a suggestion for posthypnotic amnesia for the word list. After hypnosis, they were tested on recall,
word-fragment, and word-recognition tasks. Experiment 2 replicated and extended Experiment I through application of the real-simulating paradigm. Across the 2 experiments, there was no difference in the performance of participants who learned the word list either before or during hypnosis. Although amnesia on direct memory measures was associated with high hypnotizability (Experiment 1), an explanation based on demand characteristics could not be excluded (Experiment 2). The implications of these findings for the use of post-hypnotic amnesia as a laboratory analog of disorders of autobiographical memory are discussed

<93>
Authors Barabasz A. Barabasz M. Jensen S. Calvin S. Trevisan M. Warner D.
Institution Attentional Processes Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA.
Title
Cortical event-related potentials show the structure of hypnotic suggestions is crucial.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(i):5-22, 1999 Jan,
Abstract
Electroencephalographic cortical event-related potentials (ERPS) are affected by information processing strategies and are particularly appropriate for the examination of hypnotic alterations in perception. The
effects of positive obstructive and negative obliterating instructions on visual and auditory P300 ERPs were tested. Twenty participants, stringently selected for hypnotizability, were requested to perform
identical tasks during waking and alert hypnotic conditions. High hypnotizables showed greater ERP amplitudes while experiencing negative hallucinations and lower ERP amplitudes while experiencing positive
obstructive hallucinations, in contrast to low hypnotizables and their own waking imagination-only conditions. The data show that when participants are carefully selected for hypnotizability and responses are time locked
to events, rather robust physiological markers of hypnosis emerge. These reflect alterations in consciousness that correspond to participants' subjective experiences of perceptual alteration. Accounting for suggestion
type reveals remarkable consistency of findings among dozens of researchers.

<94>
Authors Comey G. Kirsch 1.
Institution Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-1020, USA.
Title
Intentional and spontaneous imagery in hypnosis: the phenomenology of hypnotic responding.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(l)-.65-85, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
Students were given I of 2 versions of the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS): (a) the original version, which contains instructions to intentionally imagine goal-directed
Title
Expectancy and suggestibility: are the effects of environmental enhancement due to detection?.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(l):40-5, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
This study replicated the effect of Wickless and Kirsch's experiential expectancy manipulation, in which lights
and music from hidden sources were used to convince participants that they were responding successfully
to suggestions for visual and auditory hallucinations. The hypothesis that the effect is mediated by detection
of the manipulation was tested by providing some participants with cues that their experiences were due to
actual changes in the physical environment rather than to their responses to suggestion. This hypothesis was not confirmed. A significant effect on suggestibility was obtained only @mong participants not given cues aimed
at enabling detection of the manipulation, and among those provided with the cues, suspicion of the manipulation was negatively correlated with response to suggestion.
fantasies, and (b) a modified version, in which instructions for suggestion-related imagery were deleted. Participants were asked to report their goal-directed fantasies and to indicate whether these occurred
spontaneously or were generated intentionally. They were also asked whether they had tried intentionally to generate the suggested experience and to indicate whether they had believed that the suggested states of
affairs were real (e.g., whether the thought a hallucinated cat really existed). The deletion of instructions for goal-related imagery significantly increased responsiveness to CURSS suggestions. Spontaneous
goal-directed imagery was significantly correlated with behavioral response, but intentional imagery was not. Most successful responders tried to generate suggested experiences intentionally, indicated that they
could have resisted challenge suggestions if they really wanted to, and reported believing in the reality of suggested ideomotor and challenge experiences but not of cognitive suggestions. Voluntary attempts to
generate suggested experiences were correlated with subjective responding.

<95>
Authors Simon EP.
Institution Clinical Psychology Department, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hi 96859, USA.
Title
Hypnosis using a communication device to increase magnetic resonance imaging tolerance with a claustrophobic patient.
Source Military Medicine. 164(i)-.71-2, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
This is a case report of a patient who prematurely terminated two previous magnetic resonance imaging procedures because of his highly claustrophobic condition. The patient was induced into a hypnotic trance
twice before his third magnetic resonance imaging examination and he was given posthypnotic
suggestions for decreased anxiety and increased physiologic control. Using a communication device with headphones on the patient, he was induced into a trance as he entered the magnet. This patient was successfully able to cope with this procedure and reported great satisfaction with treatment.

<96>
Authors lserson KV.
Institution Arizona Bioethics Programs and Section of Emergency Medicine, Univ of Arizona, Tucson
Title
Hypnosis for pediatric fracture reduction.
Source Journal of Emergency Medicine. 17(i):53-6, 1999 Jan-Feb.
Abstract
Hypnosis can diminish pain and anxiety for many emergency patients during examinations and procedures. While hypnosis has been used for millennia and was demonstrated to be of use in clinical medicine more than a century ago, modern physicians have been reluctant to adopt this technique in clinical practice. This article describes four children with angulated forearm fractures who had no possible access to other forms of analgesia during reduction, and in whom hypnosis was used successfully. A simple method for hypnotic induction is described.

<97>
Authors Lubke GH. Kerssens C. Phaf H. Sebel PS.
Institution Vrije Universitsit Amsterdam, The Netherlands. gh.lubke@psy.vu.nl
Title
Dependence of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state in trauma patients (see comments).
Source Anesthesiology. 90(3):670-80, 1999 Mar.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It is still unclear whether memory of intraoperative events results entirely from moments of inadequate anesthesia. The current study was designed to determine whether the probability of memory declines with increasing depth of the hypnotic state. METHOD: A list of words was played via headphones during surgery to patients who had suffered acute trauma. Several commonly used indicators of anesthetic effect, including the bispectral index, were recorded during word presentation. First, these indicators served as predictors of the memory performance in a postoperative word stem completion test. Second, general memory
performance observed in the first part was separated into explicit and implicit memory using the process dissociation procedure, and then two models of memory were compared: One model assumed that the probability of explicit and implicit memory decreases with increasing depth of hypnotic state (individual differences model), whereas the other assumed equal memory performance for all patients regardless of their level of hypnotic state. RESULTS: General memory performance declined with decreasing bispectral index values. None of the other indicators of hypnotic state were related to general memory performance. Memory was still significant at bispectral index levels between 60 and 40. A comparison of the
two models of memory resulted in a better fit of the individual differences model, thus providing evidence of a dependence of explicit and implicit memory on the hypnotic state. Quantification of explicit and implicit
memory revealed a significant implicit but no reliable explicit memory performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly indicates that memory is related to the depth of hypnosis. The observed memory performance should be interpreted in terms of implicit memory. Auditory information processing occurred at bispectral index levels between 60 and 40.

<98>
Authors Ginandes CS. Rosenthal DI.
Institution Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, USA.
Title
Using hypnosis to accelerate the healing of bone fractures: a randomized controlled pilot study.
Source Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine. 5(2):67-75, 1999 Mar.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Hypnosis has been used in numerous medical applications for functional and psychological improvement, but has been inadequately tested for anatomical healing. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a hypnotic intervention accelerates bodily tissue healing using bone fracture healing as a site-specific test. DESIGN: Randomized controlled pilot study. SETTING: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass, and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. PATIENTS: Twelve healthy adult subjects with the study fracture were recruited from an orthopedic emergency department and randomized to either a treatment (n = 6) or a control group (n = 6). One subject, randomized to the treatment group, withdrew prior to the intervention. INTERVENTION: All 1 1 subjects received standard orthopedic care including serial radiographs and clinical assessments through 12 weeks following injury. The treatment group received a hypnotic intervention (individual sessions, audiotapes) designed to augment fracture healing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Radiological and orthopedic assessments of fracture healing 12 weeks following injury and hypnotic subjects' final questionnaires and test scores on the Hypnotic Induction Scale. RESULTS: Results showed trends toward faster healing for the hypnosis group through week 9 following injury. Objective radiographic outcome data revealed a notable difference in fracture edge healing at 6 weeks. Orthopedic assessments showing trends toward better healing for hypnosis subjects through week 9 included improved ankle mobility; greater
functional ability to descend stairs; lower use of analgesics in weeks 1, 3, and 9; and trends toward lower self-reported pain through 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: Despite a small sample size and limited statistical power,
these data suggest that hypnosis may be capable of enhancing both anatomical and functional fracture healing, and that further investigation of hypnosis to accelerate healing is warranted.

<99>
Authors Meurisse M. Hamoir E. Defechereux T. Gollogly L. Derry 0. Postal A. Joris J. Faymonville ME. Institution Department of Surgery, University of Liege, Belgium.
Title
Bilateral neck exploration under hypnosedation: a new standard of care in primary hyperparathyroidisrn7. Source Annals of Surgery. 229(3):401-8, 1999 Mar.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors review their experience with initial bilateral neck exploration under local anesthesia and hypnosedation for primary hyperparathyroidism. Efficacy, safety, and cost effectiveness of this new
approach are examined. BACKGROUND: Standard bilateral parathyroid exploration under general anesthesia is associated with significant risk, especially in an elderly population. Image-guided unilateral approaches,
although theoretically less invasive, expose patients to the potential risk of missing multiple adenomas or asymmetric hyperplasia. Initial bilateral neck exploration under hypnosedation may maximize the strengths
of both approaches while minimizing their weaknesses. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 121 initial cervicotomies for primary hyperperathyroidism performed between 1995 and 1997, 31 patients were
selected on the basis of their own request to undergo a conventional bilateral neck exploration under local anesthesia and hypnosedation. Neither preoperative testing of hypnotic susceptibility nor expensive
localization studies were done. A hypnotic state (immobility, subjective well-being, and increased pain thresholds) was induced within 10 minutes; restoration of a fully conscious state was obtained within several
seconds. Patient comfort and quiet surgical conditions were ensured by local anesthesia of the collar incision and minimal intravenous sedation titrated throughout surgery. Both peri- and postoperative records were
examined to assess the safety and efficacy of this new approach. RESULTS: No conversion to general
anesthesia was needed. No complications were observed. All the patients were cured with a mean follow-up of 18 +/- 12 months. Mean operating time was <1 hour. Four glands were identified in 84% of cases, three
glands in 9.7%. Adenomas were found in 26 cases; among these, 6 were ectopic. Hyperplasia, requiring
subtotal parathyroidectomy and transcervical thymectomy, was found in five cases (1 6.1 %), all of
which had gone undetected by localization studies when requested by the referring physicians. Concomitant thyroid lobectomy was performed in four cases. Patient comfort and recovery and surgical conditions were evaluated on visual analog scales as excellent. Postoperative analgesic consumption was minimal. Mean
length of hospital stay was 1.5 +/- 0.5 days. CONCLUSIONS: Initial bilateral neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism can be performed safety, efficiently, and cost-effectively under hypnosedation, which
may therefore be proposed as a new standard of cars.

<100>
Authors Olden KW.
Institution Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Maya Clinic Scottsdale, AZ 85259,
Title
Refractory gastrointestinal symptoms- a combined medical psychiatric approach.
Source Seminars in Gastrointestinal Disease. 10(l):37A5, 1999 Jan.
Abstract
Gastroenterology has always been a collaborative specialty. Through the years, gastroenterologists have created important partnerships with pathologists, radiologists, surgeons, gynecologists, and pediatricians.
These collaborative relationships have greatly enhanced patient care and research. This article reviews the literature on psychiatric comorbidity in the medical setting and gastroenterology practice in particular. The
ability to recognize psychiatric comorbidity and relate it to the patient's presenting gastrointestinal (GI)
complaint can pay great dividends for patients. The ability to apply these observations to help facilitate psychiatric collaboration and specifically, to initiate behavioral treatment, represents a new dimension in the
care of chronic GI disorders. Finally, the relationship between physical and sexual abuse and GI illness and
the usefulness of psychiatric interventions in the treatment of chronic GI disorders is reviewed in detail.

<101>
Authors
Mauer MH. Burnett KF. Ouellette EA. Ironson GH. Dandes HM.
Institution University of Miami, Coral Gables 33124, USA.
Title
Medical hypnosis and orthopedic hand surgery: pain perception, postoperative recovery, & therapeutic
comfort.
Source International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis. 47(2):144-61, 1999 Apr.
Abstract
Orthopedic hand-surgery patients experience severe pain postoperatively, yet they must engage in painful exercises and wound care shortly after surgery; poor patient involvement may result in loss of function and
disfigurement. This study tested a hypnosis intervention designed to reduce pain perception, enhance postsurgical recovery, and facilitate rehabilitation. Using a quasi-experimental research design, 60
hand-surgery patients received either usual treatment or usual treatment plus hypnosis. After controlling for gender, race, and pretreatment scores, the hypnosis group showed significant decreases in measures of
perceived pain intensity (PPI), perceived pain affect (PPA), and state anxiety. In addition, physician's ratings
of progress were significantly higher for experimental subjects than for controls, and the experimental
group had significantly fewer medical complications. These results suggest that a brief hypnosis intervention may reduce orthopedic hand-surgery patients' postsurgical PPI, PPA, and anxiety; decrease r-omorbidity; and enhance postsurgical recovery and rehabilitation. However, true experimental research designs with other types of controls must be employed to determine more fully the contribution of hypnosis to improved outcome.